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griphus
Condor Vultur "This magnificent bird extends along western South America from Colombia to Tierra del Fuego and the mountains of southern Argentina. Venezuela recently was reintroduced in the country where it was extinguished. Inhabits the upper reaches of the mountains down to sea level in search of food. In more than one occasion it has been portrayed as an emblem of the Andes. It is the largest flying bird in the world, can weigh 12 kg. Its length is about 120 cm. and its wingspan of 3 m. Adults are black with a white collar and white patches on the back of the wings. There is considerable sexual dimorphism: the male is larger and has a large crest on the head and brown eyes. The females have no crest and red eyes. The show immature plumage brown.
are scavengers that locate dead animals by sight. Once located the food, often waiting hours or days before approaching him. There is a hierarchy in this process, feeding on adults first and then the youngest. The female lays one egg every two years, which is placed directly on the rock, preferably on the cliffs of the mountains. The incubation period lasts 56 days. Breeding lasts for one year under the care of their parents, learning to fly and find food and join the rest of the community. Recently reached sexual maturity at age 8.
In the past there were massacres massive condors, which are no longer the case today. However, many times they are still haunted by the myth that may pose a risk to the sheep. "
Dr. Guillermo Tell, Dr. Irina Izaguirre, Dr Rubén Darío Quintana. Patagonian flora and fauna. Caleuche Editions. Argentina. 1999.

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Declaration Natural Monuments, Mendoza. Chilean Ornithologists Ornithologists

LAW N º 6,599

"STATEMENT NATIONAL MONUMENT PROVINCIAL wild animals and their natural habitats"

The Senate and House of Representatives of the Province of Mendoza , render the force of law:

Art. 1: Declárase Monumento Natural Provincial a las siguientes especies de animales silvestres y sus habitats naturales:

• Cóndor (Vultur gryphus).

• Choique o suri (Pteronemia pennata).


• Guanaco (Lama guanicoe).



• Tortuga del macizo extracordillerano del nevado (Chelonoidis donosabarrosi).




• Liebre mara, criolla o patagónica (Dolichotus patagonum).


• Pichiciego (Chlamyphorus truncatus).

Section 2: Building the total and permanent ban of hunting for these species, prohibiting its possession in captivity, except for education, science, subsistence or breeding, for which will require the express permission of the enforcement authority .

Article 3: The Ministry of Environment and Public Works, through the Directorate of Renewable Natural Resources will be the enforcement authority of this Act.

Section 4: Communicate to the Executive. Given

on campus session of the Honorable Legislature in Mendoza on the twelfth day of the month of May 1990 and eight.

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Condor Mapuche or Manke Manke.
Distribution: monotypic. Typical of the Andes, from Venezuela to Cape Horn.
Habitat: Ridges. Descends to the sea, a phenomenon more common in the extreme north and extreme south of Chile. It is always possible to find wandering anywhere in the territory.
flight Description: E 320 cm. Really big. Completely black, except the collar and high in dorsal view, white. Open primary characteristics resembling fingers. Juvenile in flight is completely brown.
Description and species like: The male has a prominent ridge in all ages. The head is gray, but becomes pinkish, sometimes with yellowish tinge, when the bird is disturbed, aggressive or in any deployment. The female and male, but crest. The juvenile is brown fawn, no white. Gradually the body becomes black and white appears in the secondary and the collar, over a period of about six years. In the distance is similar to the vulture red head is smaller.
Behavior: gregarious. It meets around food, and is dominant over all other birds of prey. It feeds mainly on carrion, although attacks have been documented in young cattle group, sick or at risk (House, 1945; Johnson, 1965), and capture live prey (Figueroa, Choral et al. 2000). Wary of human presence, but do not go ashore after a long flight inspection. Occupies rocky places to sleep.

Daniel Piña Martínez, Gonzalo González Cifuentes. Birds of Chile, New Field Guide. Naturalist issues. 2004, p. 85.

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Seven Colombian

GENDER VULTUR , Linnaeus, 1758

Vultur Latin Vulture: Vulture Gryphus Latin tap (Greek mythology)

Proposed name: Andean Condor

They are huge vultures, males are larger than females. Wings very long, moderately wide, wide secondary remiges. Relatively long tail. Legs and strong claws with blunt nails. Bareheaded. The male has a fleshy elongated head and a thin white collar feathers at the base of the neck which is also present in the female. The adult plumage is dark gray, almost black, with white wing patches. This genus has been considered (presumably) as close to the genus Gymnogyps and is the flying bird in the world. There is a species in the Andes of South America (Brown and

Amadon 1968).

Common names known : Condor (nationally).

English name : Andean condor.

Taxonomic Comments

is considered a monotypic species.

Global distribution

Andes, from Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego. Sea level in Peru and Chile. Chaco region in Bolivia . (Brown and Amadon 1968).

Distribution in Colombia

Originally wide geographical and altitudinal distribution between 1800 and 5200 m is currently difficult to observe less than 3000 m the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta. It is estimated that there are still very small populations in the Sierra Nevada Santa Marta , Purace Cocuy, Huila and Tolima (Hilty and Brown 1986).

Description

Sexes similar. Overall Length: 1000 - 1300 mm . Weight: 1100 - 1200 g (m), 9210 g (h). phases color: none. Adult: huge, wrinkled head and neck bare, dark pink color.

conspicuous white collar at the base of the neck. White plumage except coverts major and medium-sized wing. Remiges secondary and outer vane of primaries remiges silver-white color. Head elongated caruncle fleshy crest way of wax until the middle of the head. Iris yellowish brown, bill blackish-brown tipped white fingers dark gray or black. Adult female : generally smaller, without crest or caruncle head. Iris red. Youth: completely opaque brown, head and neck without caruncle and covered with drab brown plumage (Blake 1977).

Keys for identification in the field

Huge, black with white collar. Long broad wings with white patches (see above).

Youth: completely opaque brown. Similar species: None.

ecology and habits

Habitat: condors apparently was widely distributed in the Colombian Andes.

Today he is seen as a threatened species (Renjifo et al. 2002), and although it is unclear sure how heavy it was, some of causes that have historically affected the population in some regions of the country have to do with the expansion of the agricultural frontier to high Andean forests and moors, the disappearance of large wild mammals (deer, elk ) which to die was his food, and undoubtedly the direct persecution or poaching of the species by falsely regarded as a threat to domestic livestock mostly.

Today it is considered that the condor population of Colombia is about 60 individuals, which are mostly in the Sierra Nevada Santa Marta. Other small towns are south of the country in the Chiles volcano in the mountains of Perija and Cachira (Norte de Santander), Nevado del Huila and Colombian Massif.

Diet: feeds on carrion, dead mammals mainly medium and large size, including guanacos, livestock and marine mammals along the coast.

general behavior: the Andean condor is a scavenger bird of high mountain, flies the moors and spectacular surroundings on long glides. The Nevado del Ruiz (Alfombrales) was observed and filmed some of these individuals (6-7) with a wide range flight interacting in territorial disputes with a spectacular pair of eagles moor ( Geranoaetus melanoleucus) , which were high on strong chopped condors in an attempt to displace them from their territory (Márquez com. com.). Its curved beak is an extremely efficient for tearing and cutting flesh, contrary to their claws which are the least grasping the Cathartidae, serving only to walk or bear to tear the carcass (Grossman and Hamlet 1964).

Reproductive behavior

a. Courtship: A outstanding feature of the reproductive biology of the species is the wedding party which is practically a "artistic display" of a dance accompanied with open wings of hissing and gurgling during which the male's neck changes from pink to yellow to get to the intercourse which can occur several times a day.

b. Nest: nests on rocky ledges and shallow caves, do not build nests.

c. Eggs: one or two eggs, deposited in the sites mentioned above.

d. Nesting behavior: both sexes participate in incubation, which usually lasts 55-58 days ( Hoyo et al. 1994).

e. Juvenile - parental care: the pigeon takes six months to fly. adult plumage is acquired 6-7 years of age. Apparently, the dependence of juveniles from adults can take several months.

Field Techniques

Observation points

Condition

National Category: IN D1 (Renjifo et al. 2002). Global Category: LR / nt (BirdLife International 2000)

Colombia has made great efforts to conserve this species from the reintroduction of a 50 individuals born in captivity (zoo San Diego). It is argued that 80% of these individuals have survived successfully, but have not yet been documented breeding events for this group of birds reintroduced. In Colombia, this species has been bred in captivity by the Cali Zoo (Corridor com. Com.).

Source raptor Colombia. COLOMBIA, DIFFERENT BY NATURE

César Márquez, Marc Bechard, Fernando Gast, Victor Hugo Vanegas, Research Institute of Biological Resources. Alexander von Humboldt, 2005.

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Pareditas Condors, San Carlos, Mendoza

Those who live near the Andes, we always have the opportunity to enjoy the beauty of these giant flying.


This time we were way to the Laguna del Diamante, but a few miles from Pareditas on old Route 40 and saw seven condors, which seemed to play.
were circling awhile
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This allowed to take them some pictures.

continue claiming that the condors are not lacking in Mendoza. What is lacking are resources to teach the people who know, enjoy, defend and protect.

condor populations in Mendoza, are healthy.

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Wildlife Trafficking threatening human health in the United States in Condor

Native Species Potential Risks To Human Health And The Wildlife Trade
From Main Category: Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses Also Included In: Public health ; Biology / Biochemistry ; Water - Air Quality / Agriculture
Article Date: 04 May 2009 - 1:00 PDTWildlife imports into the United States are fragmented and insufficiently coordinated, failing to accurately list more than four in five species entering the country. So reports a team of scientists from the Wildlife Trust, Brown University, Pacific Lutheran University, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Global Invasive Species Programme. A paper on their findings is published in this week's issue of the journal Science. The poorly regulated U.S. wildlife trade can lead to devastating effects on ecosystems, native species, food supply chains and human health. "As our world, in many senses, grows smaller and smaller with the ease of international travel, the network of connections has increased, facilitating the spread of diseases," said Rita Teutonico, senior advisor for integrative activities in the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Directorate for Social, Behavioral & Economic Sciences (SBE). SBE co-funded this research through the agency's Human and Social Dynamics (HSD) priority area. HSD was supported by all NSF Directorates, and by NSF's Office of International Science and Engineering and Office of Polar Programs. "These scientists report a pattern of trade in wildlife that includes a very large number of animals, coupled with a poor understanding of what species are traded," said James Collins, NSF Assistant Director for Biological Sciences. "The findings highlight the need for further research because of the unknown effects these animals and their pathogens can have on native organisms." A global trade in wildlife generates hundreds of billions of dollars each year. The researchers report that during a six-year period from 2000 through 2006, the U.S. imported more than 1.5 billion live animals. "That's more than 200 million animals a year--unexpectedly high," said scientist Peter Daszak, president of the Wildlife Trust, who co-led the research. The animals collected were from wild populations in more than 190 countries around the world, and were intended for commercial sale in the U.S.--primarily in the pet trade. "This incredible number of imports is equivalent to every single person in the U.S. owning at least five pets," said biologist Katherine Smith of Brown University, co-leader of the study. More than 86 percent of shipments contained animals that were not classified to the level of species, making it impossible to assess the full diversity of animals imported, or calculate the risk of non-native species introductions or disease transmission. "Shipments are coming in labeled 'live vertebrate' or 'fish,'" said Daszak. "If we don't know what animals are in there, how do we know which are going to become invasive species or carry diseases that could affect livestock, wildlife--or ourselves?" The wildlife trade has previously led to disease introductions such as the 2003 monkeypox outbreak following the import of infected African rodents for the pet trade. "The threat to public health is real, as the majority of emerging diseases come from wildlife," said Smith. "Most of these imported animals originate in Southeast Asia--a hotspot for emerging diseases." The research team calls for direct measures to decrease the risk of such "pathogen pollution" and proposes guidelines to protect human, animal, and ecosystem health. Recommendations:
Stricter record keeping should be required to inform risk analysis on animal imports.
Third-party surveillance and testing should be established for both known and unknown pathogens at the exportation points in foreign countries.
Greater public education is needed to educate individuals, importers, veterinarians and pet industry advocates about the dangers of diseases that emerge from wildlife and that can make their way to domesticated animals and humans.
"We need to look at all the factors that impact ecosystems--the whole picture," said Daszak. "The global wildlife trade is promoting a process that will impact our health and the health of the planet." Source: Cheryl Dybas National Science Foundation

Un comunicado de ProMED-mailhttp://www.promedmail.orgProMED-mail es un programa de la Sociedad Internacional de Enfermedades Infecciosashttp://www.isid.org Fecha: 06 de junio, 2009Fuente: Medical News Today [Edited by J. J. Torres González. Translated by J. González]. Imports of wildlife species into the United States are fragmented and poorly coordinated, and can not be determined or accurately identify the vast majority of species entering the país.Tal is the conclusion of a report recently published in the journal Science by a team of scientists from the Wildlife Trust (Wildlife Trust), Brown University (Brown University), Pacific Lutheran University (Lacific Lutheran University), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and the Global Invasive Species Programme (Global Invasive Species Programme). The poorly regulated trade in wildlife in the United States can lead to devastating effects on ecosystems, native species in the food supply chains and health of human beings. "As our world In many ways, is becoming smaller with the facilities for international travel, the network of connections has increased markedly, facilitating the spread of various diseases, "stated Ms. Rita Teutonico, senior adviser in the integration activities Directory of Social Sciences, Behavioral and Economic (SBE Social, Behavioral & Economic Sciences) at the National Foundation Science (NSF, National Science Foundation). The area of \u200b\u200bSBE funded this research through the priority area of \u200b\u200bHuman and Social Dynamics (HSD, Human and Social Dynamics). This work was supported by all the Boards of the NSF, and by the Office of International Science and Engineering (Office of International Science and Engineering) and the Office of Polar deprogram (Office of Polar Programs) in the team NSF.El Scientists reported a pattern of trade in wildlife which includes a large number of animals, together with a poor understanding of which species are subject to trade, "said Mr. James Collins, Assistant Director for Biological Sciences the NSF. "The findings underscore the need for further investigations due to the unknown effects that may have these animals and their pathogens to native organisms." The global trade in wild animals generates hundreds of billions of dollars each year. Researchers report that during a period of 6 years, between 2000 and 2006, the United States imported more than 1500 million live animals. "This means more than 200 million animals per year - an extraordinarily high figure," said scientist Peter Daszak, Chairman of the Board for Wildlife, who was one of the leaders came from animals collected investigación.Los wild populations of more than 190 countries around the world and the purpose of their importation was to be sold in the U.S. - Primarily in the pet trade. "The sheer number of imports is equivalent to every person in the United States have at least five pets," said the biologist Katherine Smith of Brown University, co-leader of a estudio.Más 86 percent of the shipments contained animals that were not classified at the species level, making it impossible to assess the full range of imported animals, or calculate the risk of introducing non-native species or disease transmission. "Shipments arrive marked with signs that say 'vertebrate live 'or' fish ', "said Mr. Daszak." If we do not know what animals are entering, then how do you know if they will become invasive or if they carry diseases that could affect farm animals, to wildlife - or ourselves? "The wildlife trade has been in the recent past with the introduction of diseases, such as the outbreak of monkeypox (monkeypox) in 2003 after the importation of African rodents to be marketed as pets. "The public health threat is real, since the majority of emerging diseases from wildlife," said Ms. Smith. "Most of these imported animals originating in Southeast Asia - a focal area of \u200b\u200bemerging disease. "The investigators suggest direct action to reduce the risk of such a" pathogen pollution "and proposes guidelines to protect the health of human beings , animals and the ecosystem in general.Recomendaciones: - should be required to have strict records to report potential imports of animals .- There should be a monitoring and testing services by third parties, looking for known and unknown pathogens at points of export in the country providing wildlife .- It requires greater public education to educate individuals importers, veterinarians and those working in the pet industry, about the dangers of diseases from wild animals that are transmissible to pets and sereshumanos. "We need to look at all factors impacting in ecosystems - need to see the landscape as a whole, "said Mr. Daszak. "The global trade in wildlife is promoting a process that will impact our health and the health of the planet." Reported by: Jaime R. Torres [torresjaime@cantv.net] - ProMED-ESP

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Santa Cruz Chaltén

May 27, 2009
Hi all,

A few days ago I took this photo of an Andean Condor. It was a female. As shown in the pictures, had much of the back (body, wings and tail) stained with excrement, or at least it looks like that. This is the first time I see something, but it may be a common ... if I read several times that the condor defecates on its legs.

a while before taking this photo, the distance I could see for about ten minutes, some birds flying in pairs. Flights performed persecutory type, and at times just kept hanging in the air over each other, so I associated with these actions stains. All However, this happened quite far from where I was to have any other details of the scene, but the female I photographed came from this area that I mentioned.
Regards, Diego


El Chalten - Santa Cruz
We thank Diego for the story and photo.

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June 10, 2009

With my brother Tafi resolved to return to the Capital, Catamarca, La Rioja and Córdoba. A detour to the west is well worth it.

The sun was beginning to decline at the end of the day Saturday and showed a full moon that night shine like never before.

Suddenly we saw a Black-headed vultures circling. One of them crossed off the moon had risen when the sun was still on the mountains ..

must be something dead, we thought .... . and down at the ground.

Without obey any recommendations for bird watching, I had to brake suddenly to the shoulder .... airándome . at that time I was driving.

The rare move woke my brother tried to rest as we crossed the monotonous landscape.

Our eyes could not believe it!!

about 20 meters from the road and on that shoulder, was seen. She was not alone, the ground Jotes accompanied it.

A Female Condor.

not know what to do ...... and allowed us to photograph her doubts.

It took overcome. It took more than three to be beaten in the air.

never forget the moment.

Extend the trip was worth it ..... for a thousand things.

This was not in the plans.

Greetings

Martin

Martin allowed us to share this vivid account and photos. Thanks Martin.

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Tucumán Condor Condor Andes in San Juan, Argentina Argentine ornithologists

Calingasta About this picture was taken from a juvenile who was traveling over the territory, in April 2009

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The Gadget of the month: digital pens

The Gadget of the month: digital pens

least curious gadget I bring this time. This is apparently conventional pens (ink and all) able to digitize everything that is written on paper. To do come equipped with a small accessory that snaps into the top of the sheet or pad that captures and stores the movements of the pen.
seems that the technology involved is based on motion sensors via infrared pen from the receiver. Usually has storage capacity up to 100 written pages.
A simple search on the net I returned the following models, all quite like the truth: Zpen Dane-Elec, the Digital Graphic Pen of Odysseus, the Mobile Note Taker Fujitsu-Siemens ( this analysis) and Digital Scribe IOGEAR GPen100C . I'm sure more will follow.
You can see a model in action in this video .
The paper type does not matter, and can be used either connected to the computer as independently. The duration of batteries is not a point of giving much information, but seems likely to be between 3 and 5 hours. And I even read a forum that is not hard not to get ink refills, since they use standard cartridges. Fujitsu
model also announces recognition of handwritten characters. Walk do not know how advanced the technology of recognition, but I suppose that, as always, best results will be achieved slowly and with good lyrics ...
suppose you happen to many people, like me, which may be useful to take notes on exploration, to sketch or fill unit cards. You can also used for casting literature in libraries and / or files. So, the question is: How much bark?
Well not bad, and I guess that's why they have some success: are available from 80 euros.
In short, a creature more to our arsenal of technology.

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I - II - III and IV

Note: transcripts are verbatim
Argentine ornithologists I
Condor Cathartidiformes

Order Family Genus
Cathartidae
61 gryphus Sarcorhamphus Dum (Linn.) BB Cat. Mus. I p. 20
Dabbene MM, Cat Sist. Aves Arg, in W Mus. Nac Buenos Aires, ser. III, t. XI (1910), p 238, No. 248.
Vulgar:
Condor mountain range in the entire province.
Paper presented at the first national meeting of the Argentina Society of Natural Sciences. Held at the city of Tucumán, in the spring of 1916.
Part I, Systematic list.
Reed Carlos. Director Founder of the Museum of Mendoza. The Birds of the Province of Mendoza. Mendoza Educational Museum. Printing Kraft. 1916. " It
notes "to the mountains of the province"

Argentina II
Ornithologists' Bird List Mendocinas By Renato Sanzin (Mendoza)
This list includes examples of birds that make up my collection, and have been obtained in the province of Mendoza.
28. Sarcorhamphus gryphus (Linn.) - Condor. Cordillera de Mendoza.
El Hornero, Vol Pags. 147-152. December 1918. "

Ornithologists
Argentine III "57 condor Andean Condor Vultur gryphus 1200mm.
distinct species by their large size. Sexes different, the male takes over the head is violet red color, a big black crest. The female has a black head with no crest. The juvenile is brown and beige, taking three years to appear with the adult plumage. Inhabits the high ranges from Jujuy to Tierra del Fuego. Mendoza and even common in Cordoba. Also in Chile from Bolivia, Peru to Colombia and Venezuela. Olrog
Claes, Pescetti Elba. The Birds of Great Cuyo. Mendoza, San Juan, San Luis and La Rioja. Field guide. General Directorate of Schools. Directorate of Secondary Education. Dymes project. CRICYT - IADIZA. Mendoza 1991. "
Note that here the authors note as" common and even in Córdoba Mendoza.

Argentine Ornithology
IV "21 gryphus
Condor Vultur is a distinct species by its large size, length of 1200 mm and a wingspan that in some cases more than two meters. The female has a black head, while the male is red violet and also provided with a black crest. Both are black with some of the white wings. The juvenile appears ochraceous with brown tail and black wing tips. It takes three years to file adult plumage. This is a common species that frequent the high mountains of Mendoza. It is the bird of prey can fly higher (6000 meters). There is a hunter.

Pescetti Elba, Virgilio Roig. Birds la Provincia de Mendoza. Argentina. Zoología y Ecología Animal. Sección Extensión Educativa. Bird Life International. IADIZA 1995.
Nótese que los autores señalan " se trata de una especie común, ..."

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archaeological Planimetries (I): basic principles and data acquisition computers

After a long hiatus too (for reasons of force majeure) back into the ring with the first installment in a series on creating floor plans that I will be alternating with other post on other topics that I have in the pipeline. In this first part will address the general basics
make a planimetric survey from a reservoir, is populated,
cave or in the open air dispersion of materials. In successive deliveries
discuss the creation of floor plans with a computer, the management and creation of
drawings, sketches plants and digging, the different programs (free or free
) and its possibilities, and finally some
advanced techniques such as 3D simple photogrammetry.
treat it as a consequence of the results of the small survey that I proposed in the first months of life of this blog. When asked what topics interested you most, 41% voted for issues related to the excavation, or practical issues. The rest of the vote was: 33% CAD, GIS another 33%, 21% photography, GPS Tracks 8%, and matters related to the PDA's by 1% ("so little interest !!!?).
So what better place to start digging into issues with the creation of floor plans, a very neglected aspect in the training of archaeologists and archaeologists, no doubt, and it has a practical application in excavation.

When I planimetrías I mean the plot at a plane of that is the subject of our profession (mainly archaeological), whether of excavation, exploration or other work. And This blog is about what is, here the term acquired the connotation of how to conduct a mapping of what we are interested in using a computer to be possible with free software and new technologies.


First of all, if you are involved in a project with sufficient money, I do not think, and hire a surveyor. It is certainly the best. However, I advise you not leave him to work alone, and that the best results are obtained by working closely with them.
addition, not all archaeological projects can or require the intervention of a surveyor. For example, survey work is not operating to bring back put the dispersal area of \u200b\u200bmaterials and a pair of structures visible from a reservoir located recently. Or for example, I would like to see a surveyor faces the picture of a poorly maintained home. The archaeological drawing has its peculiarities, let him hear. And finally, the strongest argument. Let's face it: most of our jobs have a minimum budget, in which the participation of the surveyor (with collegiate rates) is not even remotely fit. So things are.

To start on this then, is to have basic notions to make the floor plans. And for this, really there is not much on offer, not many manual (you know) and that I understand that and begin to exist many techniques and methods developed by and for archaeologists who deserve better treatment.

In this post I will focus briefly on some basic techniques for floor plans with few instruments. So little computer. I hope you like.

The objective of this first step in creating archaeological surveying will give a series of field measurements which, conveniently converted into a computer text file can be imported into a program suited to represent.
When we face the problem, in fact, what we get are points located by reference to others. To draw a wall, for example, need at least four points that demarcate the perimeter polygon drawing. When it comes to a line, consists in taking points to draw their path. And for the discovery of materials, a point of situation is often enough.
These points should be placed in relation to something, ie some (or any) reference points (eg zero-P0-).
If the field is unprecedented and has not yet worked with him, just put an arbitrary point in a place that is as visible as possible from the entire area of \u200b\u200binterest. Place another person in addition to ground point (call it raw zero-P0 '-) at a distance known of the first, so I get an axis generally very helpful, and even more if it is well oriented to the north. And finally, also very useful is to create an overall grid site every 5 meters (or ten, or whatever you believe should) so that at any moment we have several nearby landmarks from which to triangulate. Think also that the zero-P0-geopositioned can be at any time by
GPS (or other techniques) so that all the plans that we develop is automatically georeferenced
making a simple translation.

Back then, it is therefore to obtain the status of the other points with respect to our reference points. There are basically four ways: distance and direction (angle), also called radiation, two distances (or triangulation), two directions or angles (intersection) or make the "off-line." You can check in more detail how these techniques are implemented in the help file Mapmaker, in the section on basic principles. There are also several tutorials simple topography page Global Topography. All recommended reading is short, affordable and Castilian.

With these simple techniques and armed with nails or paint (to place benchmarks), a compass and a pair of tape measure will be able to get a planimetric sketch everything that we go to find in exploration. When we want more precision, it is advisable to use the plumb line to keep the tapes as horizontally as possible or take into account vertical angles.

An example of field notes, following one of these techniques (distance or azimuth angle) could be next. Suppose that in prospecting located a settlement which is a small tell, of which there are some walls that define a wall mode. We place our P0 at the top of the tell and began to write:

wall 1 Item 1: distance from P0: X meters angle to the north, and degrees. Item 2 of the wall
1: distance from P0: X meters angle to the north, and degrees. Item 3 of the wall
1: ...

If you have PDA, tablet PC or similar can also be scoring the data in a spreadsheet prepared for this purpose.

A useful tool that I see is underused optical level, present in all excavations (or at least should). Generally used only for the dimensions (or depths) from the zero point. However, many of them have more possibilities. Looking at the bottom of the set, a circle graduated (which can be 360 \u200b\u200bº or 400 º), with which we can measure horizontal angles, like the compass (in fact more accurately). It is guiding the level and protractor to match the north (or the other we are interested, such as P0 ') and place the angle to zero, and from there, pointing to the goal-look, we get a orientation.
On the other hand, if we observe the level optical viewfinder in addition to the vertical line, there are at least 3 horizontal lines will allow us to estimate how far is the look, using methods tacheometric . This distance is obtained by multiplying by one hundred centimeters horizontal line ranging from the top and bottom of the sight. That is, if the top line indicates the lower 198 cm and 188 cm, the distance is 1000 cm = 10 m.
A variant of conventional optical levels are digital, you can automatically get both the z as the distance at the touch of a button. Fired upon a sight that has a bar code, allowing the digital level to do the calculations. They come equipped with other utilities, such as checking if they are out of level, memory, reading, or automatic calculation of the absolute level from ground level. We used the last few years and the truth is that they are highly recommended. Changing

problems in excavation cave we often encounter problems that hinder the implementation of techniques and equipment just to review. First, the optical levels there are difficulties in the dark to read out the sights, or the height of it can not take points there where the roof of the cave is too close to the ground. On the other hand tend to be places or cattery where we can not access to position a tape measure, or where there are slopes that are too high.
For these cases, if you only intend to take heights from ground zero, a level of laser used in the construction (of the bubble) is very effective. The red beam can take the reading levels which impact directly targeted. They are also cheap and if the distances are not great not to be missed very accurately. Moreover, to measure distances in dark or dimly lit nothing better than a laser EDM, combined with a tripod may be the ideal team for our planimetric data in these situations.

Everything stated is executable in a much more accurate and appropriate with a total station or a GPS surveying. The problem with these devices (for us) is that they are complex, and in the case of GPS topographic case should also have good coverage. But since then are the appropriate equipment. So if you have an opportunity to take a course (and this goes to you) do not think.
However, both total stations and GPS surveying with what we're going to get points also are located in relation to other, yes, much more accurately located. The next step is knowing how to address these issues.

This will be in the next installment, where we take what programs can use to import these data and obtain representation on the computer, that after all is what we want.

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condors fly over Godoy Cruz

En agosto de 2006 la Municipalidad de Godoy Cruz invitó a la prensa local para dar a conocer las posiblidades turisticas en ese Departamento. Nos llevaron hasta el puesto El Peral.



Por un camino de tierra (foto) nos llevaron al puesto distante a escasos 10 kiómetros de la plaza departamental.

When we arrived at the post at about 10 am, these three figures were seen flying overhead.
Before long, a curious young people came to see what happened in the post.
was a wonderful experience, I never thought that we could see these animals so close and and so close to the City. However, the herdsmen say that this is very common.

Thanks Lucas for the story and images.