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1919. As we changed ...

In the newspaper "El Liberal", edition of Madrid of July 18, 1919, appeared an extensive report in its "Industrial Spain" on Onil of those fruitful years. In my opinion, is priceless, as is explained in all details as was the local economy at that time, through agriculture landowners, the famous "oliveto of Cuquello" a budding industry and somewhat wrist forgotten "drugs medicinal. "This article can also extract the entrepreneurial spirit and constant colivenc somewhat forgotten and so needed in these times, as well as thought and action of the employer to its workers.

then fully transcribed The report, which each draw their own conclusions ....

NEWSPAPER "THE LIBERAL" on 18 July 1919
SPAIN INDUSTRIAL
Onil (Alicante)
Alicante province is among the most industrious of Spain. It is a proof Elche, with his sandals; Jijona, with nougat, Crevillente, Alcoy and other villages, in which we work assiduously and buzz of the hive.
As will be seen, Onil is the localities that are more laborious to honor this tradition.
is located in the foothills of the mountain and overlooking a valley of splendid beauty. Has 3000 inhabitants and belongs to the jurisdiction of Jijona. To reach Onil
we stopped in Biar, and a trap we walked the five miles that separates them from this people distracted by the beauty of the landscape, and the stories of assault and remains not far away was telling us the Tartaneros.
At the entrance to the town we saw a beautiful building preceded by a splendid garden, and to ask after a friend of ours gave us news of its owner
is the head of the local political forces and nephew of the late Cardinal Paya, archbishop of Toledo. I am a friend of the house, told us, if you want I can submit.
"the gentlemen went for a walk and have not yet become"
- Wait, "answered our representative," and we do get into a parlor. Shortly after
are two beautiful girls.
- Dad has to take, they tell us, because the carriage, by accident, is being detained in a road .- Events are coming: a student-looking young man, a woman of gentle and aristocratic bearing, they indicate the desirability of postponing our visit comes a gentleman.
- D. Jose Maria Paya and Alonso de Medina said our complacent friend. Mr. Payá
welcomes us with the simple courtesy of the men of the world. We talked about various issues and we are in full rural life in an atmosphere of culture and luxury courtier family that makes us in our travels through Andalusia. Mr. Payá
resides in Onil because, while satisfying their inclinations and tastes, we eg RMIT care and improvement of their farms.
All cultures of their land by scientific procedures carried out with modern machinery. Among his possessions, the so-called "Casa Mosen Juan" you have two poor gas engines 32 and 40 horses, bringing water from wells to 28 meters and placed in a large capacity tank, which drains the entire length of the property. It makes it all the crops peculiar to this region, mainly vineyards, leading to the production of excellent wines, which include as a supplier of real house, olive groves, whose olives are prepared in the style of the country and exported , and making excellent refined oils. In their farms and aggressive Benejama do the same jobs.

Mr. Payá is very significant in the region and political affiliate Villajoyosa's conservative party and gentle man-Jijona camera with exercise and servitude.

(photo: Family of Don Jose Maria Paya Alonso De Medina, near the gardens of the Casa De L'Hort during the holidays of the years 20)

DOLL MAKING

is a typical industry Onil, which has a well earned reputation in Spain and English America, having reached an improvement that has put his art out-of-all competition.

FRANCISCO PEREZ MERINO

This prestigious industrial has purchased the first of February this year the great factory of dolls D. Eduardo Juan, founded in 1890 and has become one of the industries of more credit and more interesting for our nation. Mr. Merin
Taking a cardboard factory in Cocentaina, and these being the most important raw material for the manufacture of dolls, it is clear that, combined with their vast resources, is able to sustain the high reputation of the factory newly purchased and expand their manufacturing. Accompanied by the enlightened
managing director D. Manuel Blanquer, stepson of Mr. Merin, we toured the factory. It is a great building, with large and numerous departments, with excellent conditions of space, light and ventilation. While Mr. Blanquer
gives us the explanation of premises and equipment, think of the ignorance we have of what is now Spain, for even us, we should be well informed, we look at everything with naive surprise of the traveler who has made a wonderful discovery.
Before that sea of \u200b\u200bmachines that punched legs, arms, backs and heads, of the thousands of blue eyes, brown, green and black, curly hair of soft and dark suits, shoes, hats, ornaments and ribbons, we are disoriented, and want to set our impressions to our companion confusing, because Mr. Blanquer until earlier this year has been devoted to advocacy, and anyone army of dolls that are forged under his leadership, are interrelated, Celera, dress and finally take the words and attitudes Children should produce some stunning still causing passers lost output to the vociferous crowd of school kids.
If you have this, to be built 1,144 models of dolls, the eyes, placed in boxes, shelves hold large, that the pretty heads are grouped by size into large masses that fabrics, kid, ribbons, buttons and all necessary for the suits occupies a space for a proper setting, and work clothing section twenty Singer machines, you will understand what we say.
Cash deposit, coal, drugs, varnishes, glues, brushes, wire strands, workshops for the manufacture of cajería of cardboard, wooden crates for shipping, and other various departments individually and collectively leave the impression of a first-class manufacturing center in the organized labor noise contrasts sharply with the silence of empty streets and quiet peace of this tranquil valley.
But where the factory has achieved a high reputation is unsurpassed in the manufacture of dolls price of artistic beauty. Silky hair, floating braided porcelain faces, with delicate colors, movable eyes and torn, bodies articulated with lightweight wood legs, arms, hands and feet, which lend themselves to more natural and diverse attitudes, and dressed in rich fabrics, according to patterns of the latest fashion, and above all a creative art and suggestive. Of these dolls are made to the size of a girl of eight years.
The factory of Mr. Merin, the first established in this town, and perhaps in the region, reaching its current flowering has nationalized an industry of which we were foreign tax, and has expanded its name and its business throughout America English and Oceania. It employs 150 workers, mostly women, working with artists of real ability, and it is fair to note that these workers' Onil, Levantine beauty, are admired for their ways of absolute morality.
is unfortunate that a manufacturing center as Onil no electric power, urban phone and easy communication to your transport, it has to find the line of rail in Villena, which is 20 kilometers. As always. It is noted that governmental action does not respond to the initiative of the governed.

(reproduction of the image displayed on the eyewear maker of Francisco D. Merin)

SANTIAGO MOLINA-IDEAL BABY
doll factory is another remarkable for one of the spatiality of manufacture. It is a doll similar to that of porcelain, which offer the same delicate appearance and beauty, has the immense advantage of this to be truly unbreakable, so very little time has conquered all the trade gives the peninsula and is in high demand for export. This special manufacturing
has added the wrist of cardboard called "Pepona", and also has a high profile in the construction and incomparable scenery the doll called Baby.
Mr. Molina was established in 1917, and its many industry knowledge will enable it to great advantage over those who try to imitate. Here
we had and wanted to devote a reminder to the bookkeeper of Mr. Molina has been with us helpful, accommodating and attentive, but the moment that we do not give your surname and our efforts are useless. The ingratitude of our memory is left to Friend D. Luis of the projected attack on his modesty.

WHITENING AND COMPANY.
has founded this doll factory in 1918 by Mr Cyril, Robert, Edward and Victoriano Blanquer.
build all kinds of porcelain dolls and cardboard babys. The fact of having been the last two gentlemen mentioned notable architects for a long time in the factory is now Mr. Merin, and that contributed to its prestige, has established that have been placed at the forefront among manufacturers .
His wrists are of great originality and beauty care construction in every detail.

JUAN VICENTE Santonja.
We had the pleasure of visiting this rich owner, who enthusiastically the industrial development of its people, has set up a doll factory, which devotes all the time it frees agriculture. Built
subject to all the precepts of hygiene in the premises of the workers and other facilities, the factory of Mr. John is also the largest in its field Onil, which is manufacturing the wrist "chubby." Prettiest babys also builds you to delight thousands of children, while those of their parents, as this plant is distinguished by very cheap prices to sell their products. The beautiful premises of the two factories that have merged this man are full of operatives, laborious ants, which, under his intelligence and paternal leadership of Mr. Juan, built millions of dolls, which are spread throughout Spain, Portugal and American republics.
Asked about the profits of their industries, Mr. John we have answered: "All my efforts are aimed at selling a lot, with little profit, and give my workers the best salary possible. I think I've got and I'm happy. "
We left, admiring this true sir, that only aspires to the enhancement of its commercial reputation and improve the lot of workers who have at your command. It is a bookkeeper and director of the factory the distinguished and intelligent young D. José González Zorrilla souls of all the work and identified with the spirit and approach your boss.

Cuquillo Olives. VICENTE GARCIA

there who gives more importance to this industry Onil marinating olives to the construction of dolls, basing it will be very rare in the family of people not engaged in this trade more or less scale. Water thyme salt and behold all the ingredients that make these olives a nice side dish and a healthy snack.
for its delicious taste, healthy preparation and cost much more moderate than the Seville, these olives are widely consumed in the entire region from the east, Morocco French and North America.
D. Vicente Garcia is what has given this industry and trade development deexportación a more regular and commercial, entering relationships with buyers from Spain, Morocco and America, and preparing the olives with a dedication that has made the means of production not respond to the great development that could get this traffic.
A significant number of these Cuquillo olives, marinated after they are dried, are exported in sacks style for transportation, and water turns to regain his first appearance, but have become undone.

D. Vicente García, besides this industrial relief, is being a very distinguished doctor in the town.

J. DRUG JUAN POVEDA
The same holds that Onil known today for its beautiful dolls and excellent olives, it was in the not distant for the development of trade in drugs. Onil
The druggists took their specific medications and drugs across Levante thick, noon and within Spain, reaching its forays commercial Leon.
Mr. Poveda is the only representative of this business, has not fluctuated more than transport, which today is done by train and before that to drive. Sell \u200b\u200ball kinds of medicinal drugs and SPECIFICATIONS, and has a large clientele in Spain.

TO END
knowing the great benefit to retailers selling dolls and all kinds of toy stores. We have seen that the manufacturers of Onil are great people and understand the need to improve the status of their workers in accordance with the requirements of the times, eroding the profit nil, will achieve the purposes stated.

would only need a collective agreement is desirable should be made. DM

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D. José Maria Manrique: The Weapons Spanish Civil War Weapons

Here is another video about the weapons might be used in the war that occurred between 1936 and 1939. Http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSS-3sgJJfI&feature=related

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foreign

For the curious, I propose the analysis of this video (http://www.youtube. com / watch? v = Rimw04s3kPk & feature = relmfu).

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Civil War military operations of the Civil War from 1936 to 1939

This video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3C5ScyIU_6U&feature=related) explains, very briefly, the military operations of the Civil War.

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Causes of Civil War Victoria

Here's a video on the causes of the English Civil War in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-sq2vlFz14

According to this testimony, the causes of conflict were the harsh living conditions of the poorer classes of society. That is, would the social polarization and the support that the Church paid to this situation, which delved into the differences between them and other classes.

also refers to the opposition of the estates military reforms (limited) ana, and, of course, the integral approach State politicians sponsored by the reforms of the Second Republic.

But above all, a very important element would be the dissatisfaction of the poorer classes of the measures of the bourgeois politicians. And, of course, also the dissatisfaction of the owners, who saw these reforms to its secular political domination, social and economic development.

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Ornithologists Ornithologists

In Arequipa, the Colca Canyon, on May 28, 2009, Juan Cardenas Carrasco took this picture where you can have 18 condors. Source Birding Peru.

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Clara Campoamor and Kent

This video tells of Clara Campoamor and Victoria Kent, and women's suffrage. That vote had already been recognized in the Constitution of 1931, but needed a new electoral law to be implanted permanently.

These two women were very different in their views on this subject. Clara Campoamor While defending the right of women to the suffrage, Victoria Kent thought the woman was not yet ready to vote. It follows
the importance of intellectual and personal training to implement effectively when a democracy. This system therefore can not develop institutionally, from above, but structurally, from below.



However, it should remember that and Primo de Rivera had raised an insert women's suffrage in the mixed electoral system was intended for municipalities and county councils, and the National Assembly.

On the political consequences of the final implementation of this vote, it is noteworthy that in the 1933 elections won by the parties of the center, center-right or right ability, as the Radical Republican Party or the CEDA. And Victoria Kent and Clara Campoamor deputy lost their records.

This is another video on women's issues. Clearly, the separation of the Church in public life was his relationship with it. And with many more. Consequently, it is important to understand the various measures that were undertaken as different manifestations of a common ideological and intellectual approach. The relationship with the krausismo and the ILE is more than evident.

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Unions in the Second Republic

This video I found on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RhAGIEkYuU&feature=fvwrel, we illustrated, very briefly, about the unions during the Second English Republic.

As you will see the union model is very different depending on the area. Something will have to see the agricultural measures of the liberal revolution, ie, the confiscations and abolitions held estates in the nineteenth.

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On Revolution of Asturias

This video about the 1934 revolution in Asturias, which I found in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yznm1Jq-ToY, is an interpretation of those facts. However, despite its undoubted interest, it would be set off against the political ideology behind it.

If you obey, 1934 conflicts are not confined to Asturias, but also in Catalonia. In the latter case, are intertwined with the social problem generated by the model of territorial organizaciónn State.

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1934 Views on the second biennium of the Second Republic Act

I just found this article on the second biennium, or radical-CEDA biennium. The page is http://www.clasecontraclase.org/spip.php?article163 .

I find it very interesting as it offers a particular view on this period in the history of Spain. But not only reading it but you can deduct an overview of the second test Republican.

What do you think? What do you think interpretative line that follows?

This one page, http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Imagenes/EntreRep/2Republica/BienioNegro/Negro.htm also very interesting to me.

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Peruvian Peruvian II I II

Condor

The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus ) is a species of bird Cathartidae family. Lives in the Andes and the adjacent coasts of South America to the Pacific Ocean and is the largest bird in the entire hemisphere Occidental.1
is a large black vulture, with white feathers around the neck and parts of the wings, especially the males. The head lacks feathers and red, and can change tone according to the emotional state of the bird. Unlike most birds of prey, the male is larger than the female.
is primarily a scavenger, feeding on carrion. Prefer large carcasses such as deer or cows. It reaches sexual maturity at five or six years and nests between 3,000 and 5,000 meters, usually in inaccessible rock formations. Usually put one or two eggs a year. It is one of the longest-lived birds, can reach the age of 50 years.
is a national symbol of Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, Peru and Chile, and has an important role in the folklore and mythology of the Andean regions of South America. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists as the most threatened species, as they mourn the loss of habitat and secondary poisoning by eating some prey killed by hunters. Several countries initiated captive breeding programs.

The Andean Condor was described in 1758 by Carolus Linnaeus in the tenth edition of Systema naturae, and retains the original binomial nomenclature gryphus Vultur. It is sometimes called the Argentine Condor, Chilean Condor, Condor Bolivian, Colombian Condor, Condor Peruvian or Ecuadorian Condor reference to countries where they live. Vultur The generic term comes from the Latin vultur or Volture , which means "vulture". This in turn derives from the ancient Greek word γρυπός ( groups, "hooked beak"). In turn, the condor is from the Quechua word, kuntur .

Description .
The Andean condor is recognized as the largest flying bird in the world. And it has more wing area. Adults measuring up to 142 cm tall and between 270 and 330 cm wingspan, and weigh from 11 to 15 kg for males and 8 females to 11 kg. They have the bare head and relatively small, usually colored red, though this may change depending on the mood of the animal, very cutting-edge peak and ended hook. The wings are long and wide, and feet, not prehensile, have short nails and some curves, and the high posterior insertion of the finger. They are adapted for walking and for holding the carcass. They reach sexual maturity at about eight years. The plumage of both sexes is brown in successive moults to reach the characteristic blue-black plumage adults. A broad white band stands on the back of the wings and a crisp white collar not completely closed in front, protects the bare skin of the neck.
Males have a crest or caruncle and folds in the face and neck become enlarged with age. Achieve greater weight and size than females and their eyes are brown. The females have no crest even as the males have folds. His eyes are red.
is also one of the birds that fly at higher altitudes, using the vertical rising thermals of warm air can be relatively easily climb the 7000 meters, then you can plan for hundreds of kilometers planning the territory almost without moving outstretched wings, the condor consumes very little power and thanks to its thick plumage can withstand freezing temperatures.
should be noted that (as with the storks) Condors are virtually silent to have stunted the syrinx.

Power.
Condors usually feeds on dead animals. When you find the carrion, the condors will not descend to eat immediately, but they are limited to fly over or land on any place where this is clear. One or two days can pass before finally approaching. Begin feeding on the most accessible or soft bodies, ie, eyes, tongue, anus, udder or testicles, abdomen and groin. With his strong, sharp peaks and open tear the skins tissues which facilitates further utilization of the piece by smaller scavengers. A condor may eat about 5 pounds of meat a day and also can fast up to five weeks.

nesting.
caves usually choose to nest in large vertical rock walls, protected from the wind and weather. The dimensions of the nests are highly variable. Lay the single egg directly on the sandy substrate of the caves in depression which have created a pressing his chest against the substrate. Also used the peak to give final shape to the edges of it. This behavior has been observed especially in males.

roost. The
roosts shared by adult, sub-adults and juveniles of both sexes are generally located on high cliffs and protected from rain, wind and potential predators. In most cases observed preferred roosts and perches, and thus played, are those who receive early sunlight. Since the carcass is distributed randomly, the animals used repeatedly several sites rest or overnight depending on the availability of food in the area reaching levels of up to 124 individuals.

Reproduction.
In natural environment, one of the least known aspects of the condor is the question of reproduction. Condors are basically monogamous, meaning that choosing a mate and stay with it for life. Only if one of us dies, the other seeks a new partner. The reproductive cycle of the condor, including courtship, mating, incubation and chick lift up their emancipation takes about two years. The species is the incubation period longer in birds of prey, at the time of estrus or heat commonly reddish color of the skin of the head are yellowing. After 56 to 60 days of incubation shared the chick is born which is fed by both parents with regurgitated meat. At six months and try to take their first flights in the immediate area to their place of birth and nine the juvenile is ready to accompany their parents on their flights. Assimilates them basic ancestral knowledge for survival. After a year and a half or two joins the local population, and dispute a place in the carrion

Phylogeny. Although
until relatively recently classified the condors and vultures, now notice that your lineage is closer to that of storks and herons despite the evolutionary divergence has distanced them greatly in appearance and habits. Perhaps Argentinavis magnificiens be among the ancestors of the condors, what is proven is that the condors colonize their territories from the cold areas located in southern South America, the increase of the Andes biotopes with extended cold weather to present-day Colombia and Venezuela and even further north (California for example).

Distribution .
The Andean condor is distributed along the Andes, from southern Tierra del Fuego (Argentina and Chile) to the west of Venezuela, the maximum area of \u200b\u200bspread to the east is located in Argentina reaching Atlantic Ocean in the provinces of Santa Cruz, Chubut and Rio Black, then touches the mountains found in the western province of La Pampa and the Sierras de Córdoba (occasionally been reported in the Sierra de la Ventana is located in the southeast of Buenos Aires province). However, Venezuela was declared extinct, and in Colombia, Peru and Ecuador natural populations have declined. From
1800, their distribution and number throughout South America has declined considerably, becoming endangered, the reason for this decline has been the extermination of human hands in the belief that the condors hunt and live cattle certain parts of your body have therapeutic or magical powers. Ascertained the survival in the wild condors in 2784 divided between Argentina and Chile to 2500 copies, Peru with 120, north of Peru with 50 (no data in the south), Colombia with 100 and Venezuela with 14 (population settled after Releases with specimens from captive breeding as previously had been extinguished in 1965). In Bolivia records are lacking.

status of the species population .
Since December 1997 are being carried out reintroduction of condors in their former range from ex situ breeding , reaching the 65 releases. Of these only three were killed by shooting, poisoning and electrocution.
All released are fitted with satellite transmitters with solar panels that can be monitored throughout the Andes. This technique was used for the first time with these birds.

threats.
The Andean condor populations have suffered in recent decades an alarming decline throughout their mountainous distribution. Unfortunately there are no reliable historical censuses for each country that would allow a perfectly clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe situation. However the condition of the species has become critical in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, countries that make up the Northern Andes.
In Colombia and Venezuela are being carried out today reforestation projects in areas historically inhabited by condors and which were removed in the s. XX. Based on the research of historical records, we can say that the population density of the species was always lower at the northern end of its range (North Andes) compared to southern countries, perhaps due in part to countries such as Bolivia, Chile and Argentina have relatively unpopulated vast territories of humans and excellent habitat for species.

mysticism of his death .
The Incas believed that the condor was immortal. Account as myth, when the animal begins to feel old and that his forces will end up, sits on the highest peak in and out of the mountains, folds its wings, takes up the legs and dropped to the bottom against the bottom of streams, where it ends his reign. This death is symbolic, since this act the condor returns to the nest, the mountains, from where it is reborn into a new cycle, a new life. The condor symbolizing the strength, intelligence and exaltation or excitement. An animal was respected by all who lived in the Andes since pre-Hispanic times, as it not only brought good and bad omens, but was also responsible for the sun rose every morning, because his energy was able to take the star and lift over the mountains starting the life cycle.

Symbolism.
national symbol appears as the armorial bearings the Republics of Chile (force), Colombia (Liberty and Order), Ecuador (power, grandeur and value) and Bolivia (search horizons.
Source Legends Park Lima Peru. 2011.

Source limits). Also appearing on the coat of Hispanic represented

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Planimetries archaeological III: importing and digitizing data comes LibreOffice

Picking up the thread of archaeological surveying creation, we will make a brief introduction to the import and conversion of data with three free desktop Sig: G vSig , Quantum Gis and Openjump . We intend to prove that, at least in archeology, the free Sig are already a real alternative to drawing with CAD, and also in most cases are even more appropriate to treat archaeological information.

In free GIS book cited a handful of desktop tools open source, we have selected the three mentioned since our understand offer very good features with a short learning curve in environments very intuitive, but can say that there are others which can surely perform the same operations, such as uDig or Kosmo.

The common case that we consider as an example of a text file with the coordinates of the points that define two walls (obtained for example by total station), and the goal is to try to import and get a shape to layer formats polygons of the structures. The text file (puntos.csv) has the following format: ID


, Y, X, Z, UE
01,4457259.920,700638.981,1491.596 ,1001
02,4457260.682,700639.694,1491.463 ,1001
03,4457261.404,700640.534,1491.052 ,1001
04,4457260.781,700641.137,1491.050 ,1001
05,4457259.967,700640.398,1491.403 ,1001
06,4457259.217,700639.987,1491.617 ,1001
07,4457259.508,700639.223,1491.609 ,1001
08,4457258.539,700641.365,1491.561 ,1002
09,4457259.434,700641.483,1491.438 ,1002
10,4457260.153,700642.030,1491.022 ,1002
11,4457260.095,700643.001,1491.110 ,1002
12,4457257.773,700642.812,1491.509 , 1002


already said that, although by different methods, all three programs allowed to import them quite easily.

In G vSig the first step is to add a table with data delimited csv format. For the proper import had to replace separators "," a ";" and got the table without problems. Subsequently, from a light load a layer of Events (menu "View") indicating the fields that contain x and y coordinates, to visualize and our points already displayed. This layer keep it in shape format (menu Layer> export to> shp ") and loaded (the event layer can not perform the following operation, so you have to turn it into shape). Finally points automatically converted into polygons through dialogue "Creating shp geometries derived" (menu "Layer"). This utility is very interesting because it allows us to control what points we want to be part of different polygons on a layer, and it can also generate lines from our points. Thus, we can actually import a layer with all points earned that represent walls, excavation lines, dimensions, materials, etc. and control step by step the creation of different polygons, lines, in the target layer.





Q In Gis uantum , the process is also really easy (even more), through the use of two supplements: the "Create a layer from a delimited text file" and "Points2one" so that must be enabled before proceeding. With the first snap you get a dialog where you must indicate the details of file formats to import and layer name to generate. Once the charged layer by the second-ons, "Points2one" we get the polygons (or lines) from the points. If the field also indicate that identifies different polygons ("Create output features based on input field"), in our case the "EU", we get separated by their labels.





Finally, to achieve equivalent results by O penjump the process is quite similar, except that we must adapt our format text wkt. The method is well explained in the excellent tutorial the Archaelogical Digital Documentation Project, so we avoid the details to focus on one aspect in which openjump highlights: the possibility of achieving layer contains different types of entities, ie points, lines and polygons through its own format, jump gml (JML).

As you know, the most widespread vector format sig is the shape, despite having the limitation that a layer in this format can contain only one type of entity, that is, or single points, or just single lines or polygons .
Openjump
This ability must be carefully evaluating. On the one hand, the fact is that it can be very useful to represent in a single layer different types of entities (dimensions, excavation lines, structures on the other hand ...), but JML format is a file type that can be opened in other sig, so it should only be used if it will work exclusively with Openjump.

probably be with me that it is better to sacrifice some versatility for compatibility, as apparently seen, the three programs are effective in the import and management of such data, and therefore more than decide on one or another it is best to use each of them according to the specific problem we face.

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defense of the Republic

Here's the text of the Defense Act of 1931 Republic . Consideráis What aspects of democracy, and which not? Do you think that is a structural change over the previous model?

Defense Act of 1931 English Republic (October 21, 1931) Article 1 .- The acts of aggression against the Republic and are subject to this law:

1. . Inciting to resist or disobey the law or the legitimate rules of the Authority;
2. . Incitement to indiscipline or antagonism between military institutions, or between them and civilian agencies;
3. . The dissemination of news that can break the credit or disturbing the peace or public order;
4. . The commission of acts of violence against persons, things or property for religious, political or social, or incitement to such acts;
5. . Any action or expression that results in neglect of the institutions or government agencies;
6. . The advocacy of monarchy or of the people it seeks to link its representation and the use of emblems, insignia or badges alluding to one or other;
7. . Unlawful possession of firearms explosive substances or prohibited;
8. . The suspension or cessation of industries or labor of any kind, without justification enough;
9. . Unannounced strikes eight days in advance, if no other period determined in the special law, the declared reasons unrelated to working conditions and not subject to arbitration or conciliation;
10. . Unjustified alteration in the price of things
11. . The lack of zeal and the negligence of public officers in performing their services.

Article 2 .- may be confined or missed, for a period not more than the enforcement of this law, or fined up to the amount of 10,000 pesetas, seized or suspended, as appropriate, the means to be used to achieve them, the perpetrators or inducers of facts contained in the numbers I to Article X above. The authors of facts contained in the number XI will be suspended or removed from office or neglected in their ranks.
When any of the penalties imposed under this law to an individual, the person may claim against it to the Minister of the Interior within twenty four hours.
In the case of the penalty imposed on a corporate entity, may claim against the same before the Cabinet within five days.
Article 3 .- The Minister of the Interior is authorized:

1. . To suspend the meeting or public demonstrations of political, religious or social, if the circumstances of the call is assumed that its conclusion may disturb the public peace;
2. . To close the institutions or associations is deemed to incite the commission of acts covered by Article 1 of this Act;
3. . Accounting to intervene and investigate the origin and distribution of funds from any institution as defined in the Associations Act; and
4. . To order the confiscation of all weapons or explosive substances, even of lawfully taken.

Article 4 .- It is entrusted to the Minister of the Interior's implementation of this law.
To apply, the Government may appoint special delegates, whose jurisdiction reaches two or more provinces.
If dissolved the Constituent Cortes have not agreed to ratify this law, shall be deemed to be repealed.
Article 5 .- The government measures covered in the preceding Articles shall not preclude the application of the penalties established by criminal laws.
article 6 .- This Act shall take effect the day following its publication in the Gazette. (Gazette, 22-X-31.)

How To See If Your Spleen Is Swollen

About military reform on the mobile

I find this text on military reform Azaña in blog. I find it interesting reading. We must reflect on the contents of this post. Do you think it was a structural shift in openwork on previous measures such as regeneration or Canalejas Polavieja? Talk about it.

April 25, Minister Manuel Azana began its military reform with a famous decree granting passage to the second reserve position with the same salary scale enjoyed active, "all officers General Staff General, the Civil Guard and the Police and Alabarderos Corps, Military Law, Quartermaster, Intervention and Health "as well as officials of various weapons and bodies that so request. This was the cornerstone of reform and sought Azaña clearly resolve the key problem of the English army, which was the abundance of Indian leaders for so little. Once this process began Azaña army reform itself.

History Left for the names of those who advised the minister in this work: Commander of Artillery Juan Fernandez Saravia, commander of cavalry Germain Boas Roman, commander Antonio Vidal Lóriga Artillery, Infantry Commander Andrés Fuentes Perez, commander of Staff Angel Herrero Riaño; Engineers commander Enrique Escudero Cisneros, Commissioner Joseph second war Chirlanda Arms, Captain Juan Ayza Bergon Cavalry, Captain Pedro Romero Rodríguez Artillery, and Captain Quartermaster Ordiales Elviro Oroz.

These eleven men do not know if mercilessly (counting Azaña) conducted a pruning in the structure of the English army to be noted as spectacular. Its aim was to modernize the structure of the armed forces and bring them to a reasonable proportion of approximately one hundred military civilians.

Consequently, the country was divided into eight functional divisions and established the endowment that would have, in each case was:

- 2 infantry brigades, each consisting of two regiments, also consisting of two battalions, and having each battalion 4 rifle companies, a machine gun and a section of specialists.

- 1 squadron of cavalry, a section of machine guns and infantry another rider.

- 1 light artillery brigade.

- 1 battalion of sappers, miners.

- 1 group of transmissions.

- 1 lighting section.

- 1 aviation squadron.

- 1 unit of ballooning.

- 1 divisional park for ammunition, weapons and equipment.

- 1 divisional quartermaster group, with a mounted company of provisions, a bakery company car and two utility companies.

- 1 group divisional health, with a section of ambulances, a column of evacuation and a group of disinfection.

- 1 evacuation mobile veterinary section.

addition to this structure, as it were, by default, there were more independent units, and two mixed brigades of mountain infantry, 2 light trucks regiments of combat, 7 more infantry regiments, 1 cavalry division, 4 artillery regiments, 4 coast artillery regiments, 3 artillery mixed groups, 2 groups defense against aircraft, 4 parks corps artillery, 1 regiment of sappers, miners, 1 Central Park racing, 1 pontoon battalion, 1 regiment of railroads, 2 mixed independent groups of sappers and telegraphs in the Balearic Islands, two in Canary trails Housekeeping and sanitation companies in both islands, a regiment of ballooning, 3 sets of information 1 tank artillery and livestock.

seems much and probably it is in the eyes of many people who feel peace. It is interesting to remember because, apart from the truth thus claimed, also comes in handy because sometimes, in between romantic views and interests of the Republic, wants to see reform Azaña something like a dismantling of the army, promoted for alleged anti-military ideas of the minister who later became prime minister and then president.

To the chagrin of some of their sacred writers and / or admirers, ana was far from what today we would consider a pacifist. Was that Yes, a person obsessed with the military budget to be spent well, ie not give a penny more than necessary, but not a penny less. His words where they should act, this is in the parliament building, are these:

The army in Spain is not better or worse than the University, or civil engineers, or the University, or any other institution. What happens is that within the functioning of the state, the military and therefore the costs involved, or are perfect or are sterile, there is no middle ground. And for the Army carárter contentious. The Army, in peacetime, has no mission instuirse for war, but when war comes, if the organization of the army is not as perfect as it is in the human, good for nothing, and everything has been spending and producing and working in the years of peace is absolutely lost, this does not happen in any other state institution.

not appear that a person who declares that his desire is an army everything perfect fit in the human not be considered a pacifist, and advocate of disarmament, not an enemy of the legal monopoly of violence.

That's right. The long list of units that made up the army of the Republic should not hide the forest of considerable thinning of it. Ana and his advisers eliminated 37 infantry regiments, four battalions of mountain, nine battalions of hunters, 17 regiments of cavalry, a regiment of railways and two battalions of engineers. A decree of June 16 reorganizes the military areas and removes the categories of general and lieutenant captain general (Franco rose and, as I know, are resurrected) and then took a series of measures, including perhaps the most widely known is the decision to close the Military Academy of Zaragoza, which was then headed by General Franco.

The ten soldiers who have cited the so-called Military Cabinet were known in many quarters of flags of that time as Black Cabinet. Emilio Mola, the general who would rise to 36 from Franco in Pamplona, \u200b\u200bis the source that has left more writings by, so to speak, opposition to reform. According to this version, Black Cabinet main function was to define who should be up and access in each case to command the troops. It is, as I say, the version of Mola, but it is difficult to believe in the light of events unless the advisers presuppose Azaña total ignorance of lameness ideological peers to those who reached or maintained.

The authors of the eulogies Franco after the war, as Arrarás mutilation speak bluntly referring to measures ana. However, about six months into the reform, ana could go to court and boast that the opposition had been petty, and not lying. However, there is little evidence that what really happened is that the military had been, after the proclamation of the Republic, in a state of uncertainty which prevented them from organizing and react. The truth is that eventually the facts show that there were few of them who were radically opposed to the reform and, in fact, those few soldiers who were also members (for Fernández Castillejo Tomás Joaquín Fanjul or Peire) fought several projects Azaña everything they could. It was not the only ones who fought for reform. So did the right employer, which rejected a measure of reform: the creation of the Consortium of Military Industrialization, which was considered unfair competition against private industry. Encompassed the Consortium National de Toledo Factory, Ordnance Factory of Seville, the Explosives Factory of Granada, Murcia Gunpowder Factory, Small Arms Factory in Oviedo and Trubia factory guns. It was disbanded in 1935, during the biennium of Rights. If

advanced in reading who opined on these reforms, we find that do not question its primary source. Mola general himself, for example, admits that, after the war in Morocco (Al Hoceima after landing, according to one newspaper, was carried by 10,000 English French national ) "not only the professional officers was excessive, but also the army itself was too permanent war machine for the needs of the nation. " However, if we consider a military spokesman Mola (or at least of certain soldiers, who were few in the quarter-flags) the reduction was excessive. Mola estimated in 1933 that meaning that in case of mobilization (ie, if the situation fell apart peace) would require more than 4,000 officers who had left ana, and I must say at this point seems he was right, since, once started the civil war, it is obvious that the Republican army officer was addled (and improvised from the militants of political parties and trade unions), and in the Franco side, more gifted, still had to "pull" of the Falange, the the Requetes and bodies as temporary lieutenants. And this was despite the army had disposed of between 10,000 and 12,000 military. Another

elements of reform Azana was, evidently, unforgivable by the military coup would be one day, was the rationalization of the promotion. Feat was clear that the core of the opposition from the army was in the African units, and if any doubt was left in August 1932 the dissipated when she saw that General Sanjurjo, hero of Al Hoceima, he mounted a coup. So, within the two main camps of the English armed forces, ie escalafonófilos [this word I invented for me not to call them ranker] and African , opted for the former and, in the words of Mola made the military they were accustomed to rise by merit of war "set the pace in the ranks for all eternity."

Azaña's diary entry is a 1933 that is very telling of the damage done to African this measure and that is also very symptomatic in the light of subsequent events. Ana says:

I received in the Ministry of General Vera, who commands the Eighth Division. He says that General Franco is very angry with me for the review of promotion. Making the number one brigadier general has become the twenty-four. It's the least that could have happened. I thought for some time yet descend more.

To make matters worse, this measure was supplemented by a law of March 9, 1932, with which, in my opinion, ana finally sign their divorce with the military.

Thanks to this law, members of the General Staff of the Army could be placed on active reserve status by government decree if: took more than six months in secret, available, and during that time had provided a destination for for its category. What does this mean? Well come to mean that, after passing the reserve volunteers in 1931, now the government is appealing the right to move to the reservation to officers, he was owner of the pass and also the conditions that made it possible. Ie: for out of the way to a soldier, had only to have it six months by corridors.

In short, or at least, my short, in fact, many of the problems of the Republic that became apparent in the coup of July 18, 1936 were there from the beginning, and beyond. The military problem is one of them. Such as land reform, military reform seems to me an example of a well-intentioned and well as focused (as I wrote, even the most entrenched enemies and reform Azaña dare not question the basis of it) but errónea en sus plazos. Un ministro de defensa socialista, Narcís Serra, haría, medio siglo después, cosas relativamente parecidas (al menos en lo que se refiere a los pases voluntarios a la reserva), pero midiendo los tiempos considerabilísimamente mejor que don Manuel, a quien muchos tienen por político genial pero yo reputo un poco excesivamente pagado de sí mismo, lo cual equivale a decir que le costaba admitir y admitirse que tal vez estaba equivocado tomando tal o cual medida.

Igual que el orden público, igual que la defección revolucionaria a izquierda y derecha del sistema, el problema militar se mostró prácticamente desde el primer momento de existencia de la República, y ya no le abandonó. The Republic, through such deep reforms that started to realize just one week after being proclaimed, he earned the opposition of masses of soldiers, and never fully recovered his affection, indeed, to have armed forces nearby, had to improvise some security forces, especially the guards of assault, which were similar.

Azaña military reform, however, was made to build a modern army. When you read criticism of Mola can not help but notice them feel pregnant with a whiff of old and corporatist. Mola Azaña charge against sectarian considering it, even in part might be right in doing so ignores the fundamental principle that an army is not its own reality which is governed by its own rules, but an institution in the service of constitutional legality. In general that the coup finally, despite the bitter words he devoted to the defense together, is to apply precisely the vision of the things that they advocated: let the military to resolve the issues of the military.
Azaña
But he was wrong. In this as in so many ways, wanted to boil the frog alive by casting a pot of boiling water. And when it comes to leadership, everyone knows that the only way to boil a live frog is put it in a pot of cold water, put the pot on a fire very very soft, and then go very slowly uploading. The big flaw in this flawed policy was to consider that to be right before history, the obstacles were to step aside. In fact, it is just the opposite: the more reason gives us the history, the harder it is to do what we want.

Azaña finally made a mistake. Not him only, but all republican governments, almost without exception. I've said before that the proportion sought was the logic for any country, ie a hundred military civilians. But that is the case in countries where civilians are unarmed and / or are not using these weapons to subvert the order. To Emilio Castelar, who was president of the First English Republic, he was asked, shortly after the failure of that trial and the return of the monarchy, if it remained Republican. He replied: Yes Republic, yes; Republic forever. But with more military, more Marina, with over Civil Guard.

Basically, rationalization, ie thinning, a royal army, class and used to intervene in politics, all without trauma or fighting, it would have been possible if the army had been dominated by subversion. Far from it, the Republic was weak and fickle against such subversion of both the left when they ruled, as of right when they came to a command. In Spain from 1931 to 1933 and 1936, the violent opposition CNT was not attacked with the full weight of the law in Spain during the biennium to the right, the far right flourished free of obstacles, which may be thought that delighted the military, but it is not since she has to radicalize the nurseries of leftists in the military, mostly concentrated in the body of Assault. To put it very simply, we can say, we say that the army's involvement in the political destiny of Spain was then what would now: if this despicable, but it was not surprising, because any military coup found the perfect excuse to put tanks on the street in a country where impunity private buildings were burned by rioters without the moving forces a finger, and that was when the Republic had not a month.

And the principal defender of it were so, so that non-act was, in fact, the minister Don Manuel ana. Feat, which took a lot of power in those Republican administrations, skidded too many times on the same curve: the burning of convents, in the weeks immediately preceding Casas Viejas and 36, in the escalation of events culminate with the murder of Calvo-Sotelo. Under these conditions, its military reform, which could be described on paper, to me it seems, but good shot, they proved unable to avoid, once again, the divorce between the military and the people they belong.

Dr. Arvind Poswal Address

Azaña First

In http://www.fespinal.com/espinal/realitat/pap/pap179.pdf I found this text. I'm going to afford to copy as I read. I suggest, strongly, to read.

Probably you felt bombarded by advertisements for mobile phones more and more new, smaller and with more features than likely never use. Remember Me could resist?
In this paper we offer some information that often we ignore our consumption decisions.

They focus on microelectronics as a product, even though many are generalizable to other products. We hope to help us move towards a more responsible consumption.

What is the cost of a mobile phone? The mobile material origins

A standard cell phone weighs about 100 grams (battery not included) and consists of a 40-60% plastic, 20 - 40% of metals, and about 20% of materials.

Its structure is complex and contains between 500 and 1000 different components, all of varying composition.

Among the main compounds are noted for the proportions of copper (10-20%), iron (2-10%) and aluminum (up to 10%) Among the minor components is remarkable the presence of elements like antimony (as a flame retardant), tantalum (in the composition of capacitors), beryllium, nickel,

chromium, lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, gold or silver, and compounds as flame retardants and PVCs bromados1.

extraction and processing of these substances involves a mass movement of material, known as "backpack green ", which can be estimated at a minimum of 75 kg. mobile phone. This amount of waste material is generated mainly in the extraction of rare metals and mining

difficult, part mobile phone.

Moreover, it is estimated that between 40% and 65% of the energy consumed in the life cycle of a mobile phone (without taking into account the energy costs of communication infrastructure) is consumed in manufacturing and transportation of the device. Also dominate in such manufacture and transport of mobile indicators for the destruction of the ozone layer and potential human toxicity.

Finally, we must bear in mind that some chemicals used are expensive and scarce resources, why are related to different problems and social and environmental abuses. Paradigmatic examples of this are the collection of tantalum and gold mining or oil.

Although tantalum major exporters are Australia and Canada, a significant part of it is obtained in central Africa, where minerals are extracted from known by the name of coltan. Exploitation in this region is associated with the financing of wars between Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo, and the destruction of protected environments Kahuzi Biega National Park, where mountain gorillas live.

gold mining is widespread in different parts of the world, and its removal often involves the use of highly toxic compounds such as mercury or cyanide. Without adequate control measures, mercury air emissions and wastewater streams with cyanide, all too frequently, there is more to remember, for example, the disaster in Baia Mare in 2000 and the situation of garimpeiros the Brazilian Amazon.

As for oil, tanker accidents, wars Persian Gulf deforestation and the expulsion of the natives in the Ecuadorian Amazon, are well-known conflicts.

Should we change it? Creating a strategy needs

In March 2006, mobile lines (and therefore the number of mobile phones in circulation) were located in Spain, 44.3 million, surpassing the sheer number of people (44.1 million).

This phenomenon is repeated in other surrounding countries. For 2006, estimates sales of phones in

1. Some of these substances (lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) are restricted in the EU, from July 2006 for the entry into force of the RoHS directive. This implies

a) that electronic devices placed on the market prior to this date

may contain these substances and b) that the content of these substances in electronic devices introduced later, is restricted, according to the rules.

Spain are around 19.1 million units. Of these, most other phones will replace perfectly functional. It is estimated that 80% of mobile purchases are renewals.

Globally, mobile customers add 2.4 billion, and increased to 120 million in the second quarter of 2006. While the life of a mobile (battery excluded) is estimated at about ten years, the average time of use is estimated between 18 and 30 months. This process, by which the product ceases to be desirable over time, although its functionality has not changed and its capabilities are still intact, is called obsolescence. There is talk of technical obsolescence to indicate that the device performance have been overcome, functional obsolescence, to refer to the emergence of new features not supported by the device obsolete, and obsolescence psychological, where the product is no longer desirable due to changes in fashion and social styles fostered and encouraged by the marketing and advertising.

Although some of this obsolescence and renewal is attributable to excessive end-users include commercial practices that encourage the excessive consumption.

One possibility is advertising pressure, combined with cosmetic changes, developing trends and the gradual and continuous introduction of new functionality at a pace that is more responsive to marketing interests to technical limitations.

A second practice, advocating for change is his phone low economic cost to the consumer. The fact that the devices are highly subsidized, either through gifts or rebates in loyalty programs, reimbursement of the cost of calls or offers in the execution of new contracts, means that the citizen has difficulty perceiving the material costs , social and environmental impacts of their consumption.

A third difficulty facing the consumer is responsible for anchoring the apparatus in the various phone companies, so that changing the service company usually involves changing the electronic equipment.

Finally, also hinder reuse electronic equipment at a relatively high purchase cost of components such as transformers or batteries, the low compatibility between the different cell components (why should they be different all chargers?) and the inability to update the software used to adapt the equipment new features.

And the other? The problem of electronic waste

is estimated that between States and Europe, are shot annually 235 million phones. Of these, are recycled less than 10%. Thereby increasing the immense problem of electronic waste.

is estimated that in the world are produced annually 20 and 50 million tonnes of waste electrical and electronic equipment. These residues have two characteristics that make them clearly of concern: the volume and toxicity. Electronic waste suppose, in the European Union, 14 kg. per person per year, or a total of 6.5 million tons annually. This batch of material waste is the fastest growing, with an estimated 8%.

toxicity of electronic waste is the main problem facing their final destination. If carrying a spillway can release heavy metals and other toxic compounds in the rivers and groundwater. If incinerated, the presence of PVC compounds polychromatic and aromatic volatile metals may lead to the release in the atmosphere, highly dangerous toxic.

Recycling, on the other hand, is difficult and expensive, given the complexity and high compaction of electronic devices, in general, and mobile phones in particular. Despite that there are processes capable of recycling up to 17 different metals waste mobile phone, the economic cost is much less transport to poor countries for their reassessment.

Thus, a significant portion of these wastes are sent to poor countries for reuse, repair, recycling or simply discharged. It is estimated that about half of the material sent for repair or reuse pouring just as its use is not possible or cost effective. Weirs have been localized electronic waste from Europe, America or Japan, in places as disparate as Guiyu (China), Karachi (Pakistan) and Lagos (Nigeria).

discharges
addition, some of these places are held practices of recycling metals from high risk to health and the environment, without the minimum control measures and security. And so, some wastes are burned for the recovery of lead, iron, copper or other metals, others are treated with acid solutions for the recovery of gold, or just broken for the recovery of copper in all cases, this facilitates the release of more toxins in the environment.

Different analysis, in regions where these practices take place recycling, have proved, in water and soil, with concentrations 100 times higher than the values \u200b\u200brecommended by international and governmental agencies such as the Organization World Health or U.S. EPA.

final reflection

The best way to maintain our world is to reduce our consumption and consumer support practices and responsible use of available resources. Hopefully the ideas reported here briefly, not only make us think twice about our change of mobile, but also everything that is related to our consumption (regardless of immediate economic cost to our pockets).

Jordi Cuadros, Albert Florensa, Joaquim Menacho

Cristianisme Members

i Justicia Chemical Institute of Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull

Print: Edicions SL Rounds - ISSN 1135-7584 - DL B-45397-95

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