Name Change Affidavit India

The redefinition of the PSOE PCE

This text shows the process of ideological redefinition of the PSOE, the party was abandoning the more radical thesis (Marxism-Leninism, revolution ...) in exchange for the inclusion in a democratic system of parties that could contest elections released .

[...] discussion of the XXVIII Congress.

1. The PSOE has a fundamental text: its maximum program, which [...] is the foundation of all our thinking and action and should be an essential element in the disclosure of which is our party. But precisely to facilitate such disclosure, it seems sensible to clarify ideas of the text in a series of clear and accessible explanations.
2. The PSOE is defined as a socialist because its agenda and action are aimed at overcoming the capitalist mode of production through the seizure of political and economic power and the socialization of the means of production, distribution and exchange for the working class. We understand socialism as an end and as the process leading up to this at last, and our ideology leads us to reject any path of accommodation to capitalism or the simple reform of this system.
3. We declare that we advocate a socialist society must be self-managed. Nationalization and planning does not necessarily mean socialism. We want to build a model of society [...] which all men to be masters of their work and their conscience, in which the empowerment and social benefits to the community jointly owned and not dominant minorities, whatever their sign.
[...] up a democracy requires a democratic socialist parties and unions in all organs of power and decision, to be elected and recallable. It requires complete freedom of creation and criticism. In summary, the control and the autonomy of workers in all fields.
4. The PSOE party reaffirms its class character and, therefore, mass Marxist and democratic. We are a class party as we stand and fight for the historical project of the working class: the disappearance of the exploitation of man by man and the construction of a classless society. We are a Marxist because we understand the scientific method of understanding the transformation of capitalist society through class struggle as the motor of history. Understanding of Marxism as a non-dogmatic, that is developed and that has nothing to do with the automatic translation of theoretical or practical schemes experience some of the labor movement. Critically accepted contributions from all the thinkers of socialism and the different historical experiences of the class struggle. We define ourselves as a party democratic because they are composed as an organization with the most scrupulous internal democracy and functioning, like the new society we want to build, as greater assurance is in the democratic structure of the organizations that fight for it.
5. The PSOE advocates a dialectical method of transition to socialism that combines the parliamentary struggle with popular mobilization in all its forms, creating democratic organs of power base (neighborhood associations cooperatives, village committees, districts, etc.), which seeks to deepen the concept of democracy by overcoming the formal political freedoms that have in the capitalist state and access to real freedoms, to bring the demands of the moment, and the alliances that were precise, connected with the perspective of socialist revolution, and there can be no freedom without socialism, no socialism without freedom . Until such that final goal of a classless society, with the consequent disappearance of the State, [...] there will be a transitional stage of building socialism in which will require strong and decisive intervention on acquired rights and economic structures bourgeois society. Consist of the actual implementation of democracy, not its abolition. The degree of pressure should be applied according to the present bourgeois resistance to the democratic rights of the people and not rule, of course, measures of force that are necessary to enforce the rights of the majority by irreversible, through workers' control, the achievements in the fight for workers.
6. The PSOE is an internationalist and anti-imperialist party that sees the release of workers will only be effective when performed on a universal scale, and global struggle for the emancipation, the PSOE will always show solidarity with the liberation struggle of oppressed peoples economic or political imperialism of other powers.
7. [...] his conception of a classless society and ensuring real freedom of man makes for the PSOE is essential principle of his doctrine the struggle for the conquest of political power as a lever for the construction of socialism and the adoption of the state media our own goals of freedom, their defense and protection and development more authentic. Each won freedom is historically a milestone in the struggle of classes and serves as unquestionable support for the next conquest, and must be defended with no limitation other than that derived from the priority of social needs and caring about the individual or selfish.

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Legalizing

In the proceedings brought by the Ministry to comply with the ruling on April 1, 1977 by the Fourth Chamber of the Supreme Court, [...] the result that the February 11, 1977 had input in this department affidavit and statutes of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) for Registration of Political Associations and seek opinion of legal counsel [...], was issued under date 22 of that year, which, suspended entry in such record, [...] ordered the transfer of the documentation submitted to the Supreme Court.

Resulting in relation to the above case, the Fourth Chamber of the Supreme Court has ruled, dated April 1, 1977. (Whose fault saying: "We missed: That no rule on the merits, we must declare and declare the lack of jurisdiction in this room, to hear these proceedings, concerning the Registration of Associations Policies promoted with the name of Communist Party of Spain, we must cancel and nullify the act of the Ministry of the Interior dated 22 February this year [...] that orders the transfer of the administrative record in this Court, agreeing therefore reimbursement of the Ministry [...].

effect as of today, the prosecutor in the kingdom, hearing and in accordance with general tax board says

First. That such documentation does not show any data, or contain any material that directly determines the criminality of the said party in any form of criminal association that defines and punishes Article 172 of the Penal Code in its recent editorial.

Segundo. That simply applying for registration or legalization of a party, although it can be illegal and refused the request, carries no criminal responsibility for the applicants, nor can it raise a presumption of committing a crime, without prejudice to the conduct of prosecutions in there behavior or acts that may be punishable under the Penal Code or evidencing the illegality of the end of the party, according to the aforementioned Article 172 of the Penal Code.

Third. For the purposes as may be from the public prosecutor finds the existence of pending proceedings against the leaders and members of the so-called English Communist Party. (...). Whereas as a result of the above [...] it is clear that for the proper enforcement was to be transferred to the Public Prosecutor [...]

[...] once the prosecutor of the Kingdom, in accordance with the opinion of the Board of Prosecutors General, says it has found no factual or legal basis for the exercise of any criminal proceedings referred to by the above provisions, in connection with the Communist Party of Spain without, moreover, be deducted at the appropriate time for the both of guilt, for the same purpose by the Board Four of the Supreme Court, it is clear that the doubt or presumption of wrongdoing emerged in the administrative penalty for processing the case is without foundation and content as the reason for the suspension agreement of the Registration, an agreement that ultimately must be overridden to proceed with the registration applied for having gone the only legal obstacle that once opposed the same, a decision that does not prevent that, if in the future is beyond the limits of freedom of association, can and possibly be incriminating conduct deserving of criminal sanction.

For all these reasons, the Ministry, in compliance with the ruling of the Fourth Chamber of the Supreme Court April 1, 1977 and given the prosecutor's opinion of the Kingdom, has seen fit to provide for the rescission of the suspension Registration of Political Associations of the so-called Communist Party of Spain (PCE), suspension agreed on 22 February this year, and to proceed to registration in the register of the association.

Madrid, April 9, 1977.

This text, as we have seen, shows the formal legalization of the PCE. It was one of the most important of democratic recovery, since, after the Political Reform Act sponsored by the cabinet of Adolfo Suárez, capital was the inclusion in the electoral process stipulated in the text, to the Communists. ;

However, the legalization process was very complicated. Recall that a few months before, there had been the killing of labor lawyers Atocha, by part of right-wing gunmen. This massacre was able to provoke the Communists, but at the burial of the dead militants PCE showed a commendable sense of the state. Thus, English society showed that his party was legalized.

However, the legalization led to an opposition front bunker and sectors of the armed forces more nostalgic for Franco. Thus, in 1978 took place Operation Galaxy, which was aborted, and in 1981, the most serious attempt of coup d'etat.

Porsche Shower Curtain

The Horse of Onil, declared "tourist attractions Fiesta de la Comunitat Valenciana"

As of January 15, 2011, at the request of the Association of Onil Reyes Magos, the City official made the request to the Department of Tourism, to declare themselves on arrival of Their Majesties the Kings and the Harbinger Party "Tourism in the Region of Interest." To this end, developed by the Association and manager of the tourist office Onil, an extensive dossier compilation of developments made in recent years by the same well as a video presentation of the "interesting" week Reyes, in charge of its implementation Artecuatre.

On April 15, after three months of waiting, the Department issued a resolution, declaring "The Ride of Their Majesties. THE WISE MEN AND THE ARRIVAL OF THE HERALD OF Majesties" Onil, FEAST OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN THE REGION.

From this little corner we would like to congratulate the Association Magi, to the City and the entire town of Onil, and hopefully this declaration is the first in a long list of parties and acts "interesting", which luckily in Onil there are many (the Embassy Ball de les flags Fatxos els, we will filaes Mises, Danses and owl ... .) Should only take such other partnerships and work for it.

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On the fascist nature of Franco's system

This entry is intended to continue the approach to the conceptualization of the Franco system. To this end, we propose this text, brief but very enlightening.

FASCISM,

DISSATISFIED Question: today Is Spain A great and free?
Answer: Not yet, because we could not reach the fullness of our strength
P: Did we ever?
R: If we do our revolution, of course.
Q: Are right-wing parties were, then [during the Second Republic], friends of Falange?
R: Nor ..., his taste had been that the Falange had not appeared before.

SOURCE: political education. Lessons for Arrows. Manual Parenting fascist organizations, 1951.
LAZO, Alfonso. (2008). A dysfunctional families. Falange, Church and Army . Madrid. Synthesis. P 308.

Examples Of Non Communicable Diseases

68 years later. ONIL

68 years later, the Virgin comes back Onil mourning.

In 1943 the image of Our Lady of Health entered the portal, as traditionally April 23 at 9 solar time, wearing his purple robe, as the day coincided Friday the patron saint. This match was not the first time it happened because in a previous picture of the late nineteenth century, we see the Virgin wearing the mantle.

addition to the inventory of the wardrobe of the Virgin of 1923 is reflected a mantle of purple velvet embroidered in gold for prayers.

This year on April 23 Holy Saturday matches and "Moreneta de les Eres" opens a new coat of black, silver and black, to enter the portal timely appointment every year, this mantle has been donated by an anonymous family colivenca. Image not

processions through the streets of the town until Easter Sunday, 23 spending the night in the convent and postponing the fires of April 22 the day after your time varying number of events.

Jesse Jane Streaming Free

Towards a definition of Franco II

The following is an excerpt of the Courts Act 1942. This is one of the fundamental laws of the regime, and becomes one of the elements of a theoretical part dogmatic the Franco Constitution.

DOCUMENT 8: ARTICLES OF THE LAW COURTS 1942.

Art 1 Courts are the highest organ of the English people to participate in the work of the State. It's primary mission of the courts the elaboration and adoption of laws, subject to the punishment for the Head of State.

Art 2 I. Courts are composed of attorneys included in paragraphs following:

a) Members of the Government. [...]

d) One hundred and fifty representatives of the trade union organization.

e) A representative of the Municipalities of each province, elected by the municipalities among its members, and one each of the municipalities of more than three hundred thousand inhabitants of Ceuta and Melilla, elected by the respective municipalities among its members, a representative from each Provincial Government and the Canary Isles Commonwealth, elected by the respective corporations among its members and representatives of local corporations of territories not incorporated in provinces, elected in the same way.

f) Two representatives of the family for each province, elected by those appearing on the electoral roll of heads of households and married women, in the manner established by law [...]

j) Those who by their hierarchy, military or administrative, or their relevant services to the country, appointed by the Head of State, heard the Privy Council, to a number not exceeding twenty-five. ;

II. All attorneys in representing the English Village Courts should serve the nation and the common good and not be bound by any imperative mandate. [...]

Art 10 know Courts, Full Court of the acts and laws aimed at any of the following components: a) ordinary and extraordinary budgets of the state. b) Large operations and financial character. [...] M) Any other laws that the Government itself or proposal relevant Commission decides to refer the House of the Parliament. Likewise, the Government may refer matters to the House or agreements are not held as law [...]

Art 16 The President of the Courts shall submit to the Head of State, for sanction, the laws passed by them, [...]

Art 17 The Head of State, by a message driven and with the assent of the Privy Council, may return the law to Parliament for further deliberation. [...]

This law therefore creates a very interesting institution: the courts. They would not be formed by direct representatives of citizens, if we except the attorneys for the third family, but a kind of representatives of the nation, who are elected according to the manner in which sovereignty is shared. Therefore, the dictator who, in a more direct (and prerogative of prosecutors ) or indirectly (the representatives of professional associations, municipalities ...) influences their appointment. In addition, as specified in Article 16, the Head of State has the right veto.

The result of the creation of this institution is clear: based on the example of the proposed draft constitution 1929, the regime create an institution that serves makeup or refine an authoritarian system, but does not implement a true democracy. Yes for Franco, who argue that the regime is a democracy in the English a organic democracy in which citizens express their sovereignty through the natural channels the true state.

As a result, no one can speak of a totalitarian regime, but, conceptually, the sovereignty resides with the dictator, it would be a very similar, for example, that of Trujillo.

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Towards an approach to the political structure of the Franco I

The text below express some fundamental differences between the system being built in the rebellious side, and simultaneously takes place in the Republican. What do you think about it?

DOCUMENT 24: THE UNIFICATION ACT

Arrival war to a very advanced and successful next time, urgent and undertake the great task of peace, crystallizing in the new state thought and style of our national revolution. Joined by a thought and a common discipline, the English all have to take their place in the great task. (...) This unification needs to take into account that (...).

Requetes English Falange and the two exponents are authentic spirit of the national uprising started by our glorious army on July 17.

Like other totalitarian countries, the traditional strength comes new strength. English Falange with its program provided youth masses, the Requetes (...) [provided], together with its momentum warrior, the sacred deposit English tradition (...). For all these reasons, I ORDER:

Article 1. Requetes English Falange and with their existing services and components are integrated under my leadership, in a single national political entity, which is now called Traditionalist English Falange de las JONS This organization, intermediate between the company and the state has the primary mission of informing the state and the breath of people to carry it the thought that through the political and moral virtues, service, hierarchy and brotherhood (...). Other organizations are dissolved and political parties.

Article 2. governing bodies will be the new political entity the Head of State, a Secretariat or Policy Board and the National Council (...)

Article 3 is merged into a single National Military those Falange Requetes English and, retaining their emblems and exterior signs (...). The Military is an auxiliary of the Army. The Head of State is the Supreme Commander of the Militia (...).

in Salamanca Since April 19 of 1937 .-

FRANCISCO FRANCO, Official State Bulletin (Burgos), April 20, 1937.

DOCUMENT 25: THE NEW STATE.

If the rebel faction real political structure, from the time of the uprising, was limited to dictatorial power of the military, were not absent from his political problems in the pursuit of hegemony and the definition of war aims.

The forces that contributed to the military uprising, but socially homogeneous, they were not politically because it reproduced the previous spectrum, monarchists, Carlist right corporatist tradition of Primo, without clearly defined military policy, etc., forming a conglomerate difficult amalgam.

Power was awarded, in principle, briefly, a National Defense Council installed in Burgos, composed exclusively of military and structured under military jurisdiction: grade and seniority. After that was the hand and the political opinion of the situation becomes Emilio Mola. Its president was the oldest general, Miguel Cabanellas. On July 28 declared the state of war.

There were two events with powerful influence over the political course of the rebels: military successes of the Army under the command of Franco and political conditions resulting from the decisive help of the fascist powers.

Based on the first, the appointment of Franco advented to exercise the supreme command, following the famous meetings around Salamanca in late September with a formula that brought together military and political power in a dictatorship. That began the process leading to development of the New State .

            Los altos dirigentes de la sublevación divergían en cuanto al futuro político y el régimen a establecer. Los había, como Mola, que ni iban más allá de un directorio militar transitorio; los había proclives a la Monarquía con mayores o menores ropajes corporativistas; los había fascistas de estricta observancia. La Monarquía legitimista o carlista contaba con muchas menos posibilidades.

            vested with all powers, Franco appointed a State Technical Board, now in military and civilian, who worked as a cabinet, but under strict control, while Franco operated from its headquarters. However, since January 1937, began political maneuvering before a long-expected war, embarked on existing groups.

English Falange and the Traditionalist Communion were most had contributed to channel a large mass of fighters into the rebellion. The development of a political solution capable of giving a war ideological content and structure was different influences on the one-party fascist model (this was the second event of the identified influential) and was due to Ramon Serrano Suner.

The Unification of April 19, 1937, created the FET de las JONS party, whose leadership Franco was attributed to the title of Caudillo . The traditional ruling class, under a new political garb, ensured its perpetuation.

Arostegui, Julio (1983) "The Civil War in Spain" in DE LA TORRE, Rosario PECHARROMAN GIL, Julio, and others. English Civil War. Madrid: History 16. Pp. 96-98.

DOCUMENT 29: militarization of the Nationalist side.

Article I: The senior leadership of the columns and forces operating in areas where contact with the enemy may appoint an interim basis, the civil authorities of cities, towns and provinces to address, under the direct command of the military occupation authority, address the problems of civil order raised and cooperate with it in order them to resolution problems of accommodation and equipment of the forces.

Article two: By being insured's occupation of the province or town and have ceased to be its territory or area of \u200b\u200bthe vanguard of the army, observe the following rules:

to ) The military authorities will be the higher authority, through the direct jurisdiction of the civil and administrative authorities, all issues that are unique, except for those relating to public policy. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the civil authority may perform those tasks that the military authority who rely expressly delegated.

( Gazette, February 19, 1937).

Moradiellos, Enrique (2004). 1936: Myths of the Civil War. Barcelona: Península Atalaya. Pp. 113-114.

DOCUMENT 34: PROHIBITION ON USE IN COMMERCE WITH THE BASQUE COUNTRY, LANGUAGE OTHER THAN CASTILIAN.

inertia probably more usual with the aim of maintaining feelings certainly gone forever and they were only encouraged by a bold minority, which has been defeated and fled from the National Spain, still Cooperative some of the Basque provinces remain [...] its statutes or regulations written in Basque language, though almost always listed together its translation into English.

And being absolutely necessary for the English national feeling and expresses no doubts or hesitation of any genre, a very special way in the spirit and acts of state-related entities, a fact that no conflict with the respect they may deserve the use of dialects in private family relationships, [...], I have decided as follows:

1 º. It is strictly forbidden to use another language other than Castilian in titles, corporate names, statutes or regulations and the calling and holding meetings or assemblies of the entities that depend on this ministry.

2 º. The entities concerned by it shall undertake appropriate modifications of those names, regulations or statutes [...]

(BO of May 26, 1937).

SOURCE: Diaz Plaja, Fernando (1969): The war in Spain in their documents. Ediciones GP pp. 269-270.

DOCUMENT 35: UNIFICATION OF SPAIN ON NATIONAL MILITIA.

In order to regulate the national militia service and auxiliary forces, how valuable cooperation are providing Army forces in defense of the homeland, and to determine the dependency relationships, obligations and duties of personnel belonging to the same,

ORDER:

Art 1 º. All auxiliary forces mobilized militias and are subject to the Code of Military Justice in all its parts.

2 º. The auxiliary forces referred to the previous article that guarnezcan fronts or provinces, will be under the command of the military authorities.

3 º. An auxiliary force to mobilize militia or may not be demobilized without permission or authorization expresses the general manager and can not be removed from the position where they provide service, without the prior permission of the military authority that directly depends.

4 º. All military formations or groups of militias or armed auxiliary forces will be ordered and framed by army commanders and officers, and officers to supplement the Army, formed in schools or military dependent. [...]

6 º. The auxiliary forces to provide law enforcement services in towns or villages in the rear, its procedures shall be subject to the Civil Guard primer [...].

Section 9. In the various military schools established for the empowerment campaign lieutenants are a number of places reserved for staff of the militias that aspire to the exercise of such employment, which at the end to use of their studies and practices will be preferred to cover the places of employment in the militia of origin.

Section 10. The fates of leaders and officials of auxiliary forces or armed militias will be allowed by the War Department, at the request of the respective organizations, or on arrival forced by war, if necessary.

in Salamanca Since December 20 of 1936.

FRANCISCO FRANCO.

Gazette , 21-XII-1936

SOURCE: Diaz Plaja, Fernando (1969): The war in Spain in their documents. Ediciones GP pp. 190-191.

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Elements of National-Catholicism

Here are some texts on key elements of National Catholicism. As you see, it is representative texts. What do you think of your content? What relationship do you think that is the concept of Franco we are trying profiling?

DOCUMENT 36: RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN THE SPAIN OF FRANCO .

The National Defense Council restored religious education in national schools, by its Order No. 168. Anxiously asked this reform Nationalist Spain. Imperatively demanded the educational needs of children English.

This reset does not mean only that the teacher is limited to dedicate one or more sessions per week to the teaching of the Catechism and Sacred History. This is essential, but much more needs has to be to make the school environment to be fully influenced and guided by the doctrine of the Crucified.

The restoration of the crucifix in schools, so solemnly held in all villages of the regions by our glorious army reconquered mean not only that the secular school of the Soviet regime nominally Catholic replace the National School. It is necessary that the readings discussed in the teaching of Science, to History, Geography, you take any issue to infer moral and religious implications. The teaching of religion has to form Christian children, with clear ideas, with specific rules for the present and for future action. [...] The consequence of this religious environment, which has to wrap School education has to be the corporation's mandatory attendance for all children and teachers in national schools in holy days of obligation, the parish church, set the proper time according to the ecclesiastical authority. The Gospel will be read often, and inevitably every Saturday, explaining the next day dominica. The Church's social doctrine, contained in the encyclical Rerum Novarum and Quadragesimo Anno, serve to instill in children the idea of \u200b\u200blove and social fellowship to get rid of the blind hatred materialistic solvent of all civilization and culture.

SOURCE: Diaz Plaja, Fernando (1969): The war in Spain in their documents. Ediciones GP page. 380.

DOCUMENT 37: TREATMENT OF TEACHERS IN SPAIN NATIONAL. Needless

is doing this to the distinguished members of the Committees purification of teachers the importance of the sacred mission which is now in your hands. To think that the prospect of a resurgence of Spain as best we lived contemplating these years, is in direct proportion to the justice and conscientiousness to put in the clearance of the Magisterium in all grades, says it all.

The character of the Debug is now pursuing is not only punitive but also preventive. It is necessary to ensure the English, who with arms in hand and without wrangling blood sacrifice and save the cause of civilization, will not tolerate, much less to protect and subsidize those who poison the soul of the people first and largest responsible for all the crimes and destruction to overwhelm the world and planted in mourning the honest majority of households in Spain. not for Commissions purification penalties applying the codes point to the authors by induction, being reserved this power to the courts, but to propose the separation of their functions inexorable master of those directly or indirectly contributed to sustain and propagate parties, ideology and institutions called the Popular Front. The individuals who make up these revolutionary hordes, whose excesses both cause fear, are simply the spiritual children of professors and teachers through institutions such as the so-called Free Education, forged generations incredulous and anarchic. If you want to make fruitful the blood of our martyrs is necessary resolutely fight the system followed for more than a century to honor and praise to uplifting the poor, while the punishments were reserved for victims of mass deception. Three

Commissions proposals may make treatment plants, according to the Order of November 10, namely:

1 º. Acquittal for those who have vanished jeopardized charges have cooperated directly or indirectly to the formation of the revolutionary atmosphere.

2 º. Transfer for those who, being professional and morally unimpeachable, have sympathized with the nationalist parties entitled Basque, Catalan, Navarre, Galicia, etc.. without having any direct or indirect separatist communist subversion.

3 º. Definitive separation of service for all who have fought in the Popular Front parties or secret societies, especially after the October Revolution and in a general way, those who have sympathized with them or direct their teaching or professional performance Similarly the reported solvent.

Commissions purification, addressing any particular authority or on demand reporting, this should make the serious responsibility they are taking to God and to his country by hiding certain points, when they fail to distort the facts, using mental reservation or reprehensible extemporaneous sentimentality. It also has to fight and make public, for an everlasting shame that such a lack of citizenship incurred by the name of persons alleging unfair to ignore the facts or people who care about the reports. It would be unworthy of the heroism of our officers, soldiers and volunteers on the fire lines defy death dreaming of a Spain better correspond with the cowardice and lack of civic courage of people who enjoy the peace of the rearguard.

If all who are part of the Commissions purification interpenetrate in this way of thinking and patriotic contagion transmitted to those have to contribute to its work with reports, is something absolutely certain that before long, in Spain we see today is destroyed, impoverished, mourning, once restored his genius and national tradition, we will dawn in joyous dawn of a new century gold for the glory of Christianity and Civilization of Spain.

( BOE of December 10, 1936).

SOURCE: Diaz Plaja, Fernando (1969): The war in Spain in their documents. Ediciones GP pp. 166-168.

Fibroid Causing Meralgia Paresthetica

1919. As we changed ...

In the newspaper "El Liberal", edition of Madrid of July 18, 1919, appeared an extensive report in its "Industrial Spain" on Onil of those fruitful years. In my opinion, is priceless, as is explained in all details as was the local economy at that time, through agriculture landowners, the famous "oliveto of Cuquello" a budding industry and somewhat wrist forgotten "drugs medicinal. "This article can also extract the entrepreneurial spirit and constant colivenc somewhat forgotten and so needed in these times, as well as thought and action of the employer to its workers.

then fully transcribed The report, which each draw their own conclusions ....

NEWSPAPER "THE LIBERAL" on 18 July 1919
SPAIN INDUSTRIAL
Onil (Alicante)
Alicante province is among the most industrious of Spain. It is a proof Elche, with his sandals; Jijona, with nougat, Crevillente, Alcoy and other villages, in which we work assiduously and buzz of the hive.
As will be seen, Onil is the localities that are more laborious to honor this tradition.
is located in the foothills of the mountain and overlooking a valley of splendid beauty. Has 3000 inhabitants and belongs to the jurisdiction of Jijona. To reach Onil
we stopped in Biar, and a trap we walked the five miles that separates them from this people distracted by the beauty of the landscape, and the stories of assault and remains not far away was telling us the Tartaneros.
At the entrance to the town we saw a beautiful building preceded by a splendid garden, and to ask after a friend of ours gave us news of its owner
is the head of the local political forces and nephew of the late Cardinal Paya, archbishop of Toledo. I am a friend of the house, told us, if you want I can submit.
"the gentlemen went for a walk and have not yet become"
- Wait, "answered our representative," and we do get into a parlor. Shortly after
are two beautiful girls.
- Dad has to take, they tell us, because the carriage, by accident, is being detained in a road .- Events are coming: a student-looking young man, a woman of gentle and aristocratic bearing, they indicate the desirability of postponing our visit comes a gentleman.
- D. Jose Maria Paya and Alonso de Medina said our complacent friend. Mr. Payá
welcomes us with the simple courtesy of the men of the world. We talked about various issues and we are in full rural life in an atmosphere of culture and luxury courtier family that makes us in our travels through Andalusia. Mr. Payá
resides in Onil because, while satisfying their inclinations and tastes, we eg RMIT care and improvement of their farms.
All cultures of their land by scientific procedures carried out with modern machinery. Among his possessions, the so-called "Casa Mosen Juan" you have two poor gas engines 32 and 40 horses, bringing water from wells to 28 meters and placed in a large capacity tank, which drains the entire length of the property. It makes it all the crops peculiar to this region, mainly vineyards, leading to the production of excellent wines, which include as a supplier of real house, olive groves, whose olives are prepared in the style of the country and exported , and making excellent refined oils. In their farms and aggressive Benejama do the same jobs.

Mr. Payá is very significant in the region and political affiliate Villajoyosa's conservative party and gentle man-Jijona camera with exercise and servitude.

(photo: Family of Don Jose Maria Paya Alonso De Medina, near the gardens of the Casa De L'Hort during the holidays of the years 20)

DOLL MAKING

is a typical industry Onil, which has a well earned reputation in Spain and English America, having reached an improvement that has put his art out-of-all competition.

FRANCISCO PEREZ MERINO

This prestigious industrial has purchased the first of February this year the great factory of dolls D. Eduardo Juan, founded in 1890 and has become one of the industries of more credit and more interesting for our nation. Mr. Merin
Taking a cardboard factory in Cocentaina, and these being the most important raw material for the manufacture of dolls, it is clear that, combined with their vast resources, is able to sustain the high reputation of the factory newly purchased and expand their manufacturing. Accompanied by the enlightened
managing director D. Manuel Blanquer, stepson of Mr. Merin, we toured the factory. It is a great building, with large and numerous departments, with excellent conditions of space, light and ventilation. While Mr. Blanquer
gives us the explanation of premises and equipment, think of the ignorance we have of what is now Spain, for even us, we should be well informed, we look at everything with naive surprise of the traveler who has made a wonderful discovery.
Before that sea of \u200b\u200bmachines that punched legs, arms, backs and heads, of the thousands of blue eyes, brown, green and black, curly hair of soft and dark suits, shoes, hats, ornaments and ribbons, we are disoriented, and want to set our impressions to our companion confusing, because Mr. Blanquer until earlier this year has been devoted to advocacy, and anyone army of dolls that are forged under his leadership, are interrelated, Celera, dress and finally take the words and attitudes Children should produce some stunning still causing passers lost output to the vociferous crowd of school kids.
If you have this, to be built 1,144 models of dolls, the eyes, placed in boxes, shelves hold large, that the pretty heads are grouped by size into large masses that fabrics, kid, ribbons, buttons and all necessary for the suits occupies a space for a proper setting, and work clothing section twenty Singer machines, you will understand what we say.
Cash deposit, coal, drugs, varnishes, glues, brushes, wire strands, workshops for the manufacture of cajería of cardboard, wooden crates for shipping, and other various departments individually and collectively leave the impression of a first-class manufacturing center in the organized labor noise contrasts sharply with the silence of empty streets and quiet peace of this tranquil valley.
But where the factory has achieved a high reputation is unsurpassed in the manufacture of dolls price of artistic beauty. Silky hair, floating braided porcelain faces, with delicate colors, movable eyes and torn, bodies articulated with lightweight wood legs, arms, hands and feet, which lend themselves to more natural and diverse attitudes, and dressed in rich fabrics, according to patterns of the latest fashion, and above all a creative art and suggestive. Of these dolls are made to the size of a girl of eight years.
The factory of Mr. Merin, the first established in this town, and perhaps in the region, reaching its current flowering has nationalized an industry of which we were foreign tax, and has expanded its name and its business throughout America English and Oceania. It employs 150 workers, mostly women, working with artists of real ability, and it is fair to note that these workers' Onil, Levantine beauty, are admired for their ways of absolute morality.
is unfortunate that a manufacturing center as Onil no electric power, urban phone and easy communication to your transport, it has to find the line of rail in Villena, which is 20 kilometers. As always. It is noted that governmental action does not respond to the initiative of the governed.

(reproduction of the image displayed on the eyewear maker of Francisco D. Merin)

SANTIAGO MOLINA-IDEAL BABY
doll factory is another remarkable for one of the spatiality of manufacture. It is a doll similar to that of porcelain, which offer the same delicate appearance and beauty, has the immense advantage of this to be truly unbreakable, so very little time has conquered all the trade gives the peninsula and is in high demand for export. This special manufacturing
has added the wrist of cardboard called "Pepona", and also has a high profile in the construction and incomparable scenery the doll called Baby.
Mr. Molina was established in 1917, and its many industry knowledge will enable it to great advantage over those who try to imitate. Here
we had and wanted to devote a reminder to the bookkeeper of Mr. Molina has been with us helpful, accommodating and attentive, but the moment that we do not give your surname and our efforts are useless. The ingratitude of our memory is left to Friend D. Luis of the projected attack on his modesty.

WHITENING AND COMPANY.
has founded this doll factory in 1918 by Mr Cyril, Robert, Edward and Victoriano Blanquer.
build all kinds of porcelain dolls and cardboard babys. The fact of having been the last two gentlemen mentioned notable architects for a long time in the factory is now Mr. Merin, and that contributed to its prestige, has established that have been placed at the forefront among manufacturers .
His wrists are of great originality and beauty care construction in every detail.

JUAN VICENTE Santonja.
We had the pleasure of visiting this rich owner, who enthusiastically the industrial development of its people, has set up a doll factory, which devotes all the time it frees agriculture. Built
subject to all the precepts of hygiene in the premises of the workers and other facilities, the factory of Mr. John is also the largest in its field Onil, which is manufacturing the wrist "chubby." Prettiest babys also builds you to delight thousands of children, while those of their parents, as this plant is distinguished by very cheap prices to sell their products. The beautiful premises of the two factories that have merged this man are full of operatives, laborious ants, which, under his intelligence and paternal leadership of Mr. Juan, built millions of dolls, which are spread throughout Spain, Portugal and American republics.
Asked about the profits of their industries, Mr. John we have answered: "All my efforts are aimed at selling a lot, with little profit, and give my workers the best salary possible. I think I've got and I'm happy. "
We left, admiring this true sir, that only aspires to the enhancement of its commercial reputation and improve the lot of workers who have at your command. It is a bookkeeper and director of the factory the distinguished and intelligent young D. José González Zorrilla souls of all the work and identified with the spirit and approach your boss.

Cuquillo Olives. VICENTE GARCIA

there who gives more importance to this industry Onil marinating olives to the construction of dolls, basing it will be very rare in the family of people not engaged in this trade more or less scale. Water thyme salt and behold all the ingredients that make these olives a nice side dish and a healthy snack.
for its delicious taste, healthy preparation and cost much more moderate than the Seville, these olives are widely consumed in the entire region from the east, Morocco French and North America.
D. Vicente Garcia is what has given this industry and trade development deexportación a more regular and commercial, entering relationships with buyers from Spain, Morocco and America, and preparing the olives with a dedication that has made the means of production not respond to the great development that could get this traffic.
A significant number of these Cuquillo olives, marinated after they are dried, are exported in sacks style for transportation, and water turns to regain his first appearance, but have become undone.

D. Vicente García, besides this industrial relief, is being a very distinguished doctor in the town.

J. DRUG JUAN POVEDA
The same holds that Onil known today for its beautiful dolls and excellent olives, it was in the not distant for the development of trade in drugs. Onil
The druggists took their specific medications and drugs across Levante thick, noon and within Spain, reaching its forays commercial Leon.
Mr. Poveda is the only representative of this business, has not fluctuated more than transport, which today is done by train and before that to drive. Sell \u200b\u200ball kinds of medicinal drugs and SPECIFICATIONS, and has a large clientele in Spain.

TO END
knowing the great benefit to retailers selling dolls and all kinds of toy stores. We have seen that the manufacturers of Onil are great people and understand the need to improve the status of their workers in accordance with the requirements of the times, eroding the profit nil, will achieve the purposes stated.

would only need a collective agreement is desirable should be made. DM

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D. José Maria Manrique: The Weapons Spanish Civil War Weapons

Here is another video about the weapons might be used in the war that occurred between 1936 and 1939. Http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSS-3sgJJfI&feature=related

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foreign

For the curious, I propose the analysis of this video (http://www.youtube. com / watch? v = Rimw04s3kPk & feature = relmfu).

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Civil War military operations of the Civil War from 1936 to 1939

This video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3C5ScyIU_6U&feature=related) explains, very briefly, the military operations of the Civil War.

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Causes of Civil War Victoria

Here's a video on the causes of the English Civil War in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-sq2vlFz14

According to this testimony, the causes of conflict were the harsh living conditions of the poorer classes of society. That is, would the social polarization and the support that the Church paid to this situation, which delved into the differences between them and other classes.

also refers to the opposition of the estates military reforms (limited) ana, and, of course, the integral approach State politicians sponsored by the reforms of the Second Republic.

But above all, a very important element would be the dissatisfaction of the poorer classes of the measures of the bourgeois politicians. And, of course, also the dissatisfaction of the owners, who saw these reforms to its secular political domination, social and economic development.

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Ornithologists Ornithologists

In Arequipa, the Colca Canyon, on May 28, 2009, Juan Cardenas Carrasco took this picture where you can have 18 condors. Source Birding Peru.

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Clara Campoamor and Kent

This video tells of Clara Campoamor and Victoria Kent, and women's suffrage. That vote had already been recognized in the Constitution of 1931, but needed a new electoral law to be implanted permanently.

These two women were very different in their views on this subject. Clara Campoamor While defending the right of women to the suffrage, Victoria Kent thought the woman was not yet ready to vote. It follows
the importance of intellectual and personal training to implement effectively when a democracy. This system therefore can not develop institutionally, from above, but structurally, from below.



However, it should remember that and Primo de Rivera had raised an insert women's suffrage in the mixed electoral system was intended for municipalities and county councils, and the National Assembly.

On the political consequences of the final implementation of this vote, it is noteworthy that in the 1933 elections won by the parties of the center, center-right or right ability, as the Radical Republican Party or the CEDA. And Victoria Kent and Clara Campoamor deputy lost their records.

This is another video on women's issues. Clearly, the separation of the Church in public life was his relationship with it. And with many more. Consequently, it is important to understand the various measures that were undertaken as different manifestations of a common ideological and intellectual approach. The relationship with the krausismo and the ILE is more than evident.

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Unions in the Second Republic

This video I found on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RhAGIEkYuU&feature=fvwrel, we illustrated, very briefly, about the unions during the Second English Republic.

As you will see the union model is very different depending on the area. Something will have to see the agricultural measures of the liberal revolution, ie, the confiscations and abolitions held estates in the nineteenth.

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On Revolution of Asturias

This video about the 1934 revolution in Asturias, which I found in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yznm1Jq-ToY, is an interpretation of those facts. However, despite its undoubted interest, it would be set off against the political ideology behind it.

If you obey, 1934 conflicts are not confined to Asturias, but also in Catalonia. In the latter case, are intertwined with the social problem generated by the model of territorial organizaciónn State.

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1934 Views on the second biennium of the Second Republic Act

I just found this article on the second biennium, or radical-CEDA biennium. The page is http://www.clasecontraclase.org/spip.php?article163 .

I find it very interesting as it offers a particular view on this period in the history of Spain. But not only reading it but you can deduct an overview of the second test Republican.

What do you think? What do you think interpretative line that follows?

This one page, http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Imagenes/EntreRep/2Republica/BienioNegro/Negro.htm also very interesting to me.

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Peruvian Peruvian II I II

Condor

The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus ) is a species of bird Cathartidae family. Lives in the Andes and the adjacent coasts of South America to the Pacific Ocean and is the largest bird in the entire hemisphere Occidental.1
is a large black vulture, with white feathers around the neck and parts of the wings, especially the males. The head lacks feathers and red, and can change tone according to the emotional state of the bird. Unlike most birds of prey, the male is larger than the female.
is primarily a scavenger, feeding on carrion. Prefer large carcasses such as deer or cows. It reaches sexual maturity at five or six years and nests between 3,000 and 5,000 meters, usually in inaccessible rock formations. Usually put one or two eggs a year. It is one of the longest-lived birds, can reach the age of 50 years.
is a national symbol of Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, Peru and Chile, and has an important role in the folklore and mythology of the Andean regions of South America. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists as the most threatened species, as they mourn the loss of habitat and secondary poisoning by eating some prey killed by hunters. Several countries initiated captive breeding programs.

The Andean Condor was described in 1758 by Carolus Linnaeus in the tenth edition of Systema naturae, and retains the original binomial nomenclature gryphus Vultur. It is sometimes called the Argentine Condor, Chilean Condor, Condor Bolivian, Colombian Condor, Condor Peruvian or Ecuadorian Condor reference to countries where they live. Vultur The generic term comes from the Latin vultur or Volture , which means "vulture". This in turn derives from the ancient Greek word γρυπός ( groups, "hooked beak"). In turn, the condor is from the Quechua word, kuntur .

Description .
The Andean condor is recognized as the largest flying bird in the world. And it has more wing area. Adults measuring up to 142 cm tall and between 270 and 330 cm wingspan, and weigh from 11 to 15 kg for males and 8 females to 11 kg. They have the bare head and relatively small, usually colored red, though this may change depending on the mood of the animal, very cutting-edge peak and ended hook. The wings are long and wide, and feet, not prehensile, have short nails and some curves, and the high posterior insertion of the finger. They are adapted for walking and for holding the carcass. They reach sexual maturity at about eight years. The plumage of both sexes is brown in successive moults to reach the characteristic blue-black plumage adults. A broad white band stands on the back of the wings and a crisp white collar not completely closed in front, protects the bare skin of the neck.
Males have a crest or caruncle and folds in the face and neck become enlarged with age. Achieve greater weight and size than females and their eyes are brown. The females have no crest even as the males have folds. His eyes are red.
is also one of the birds that fly at higher altitudes, using the vertical rising thermals of warm air can be relatively easily climb the 7000 meters, then you can plan for hundreds of kilometers planning the territory almost without moving outstretched wings, the condor consumes very little power and thanks to its thick plumage can withstand freezing temperatures.
should be noted that (as with the storks) Condors are virtually silent to have stunted the syrinx.

Power.
Condors usually feeds on dead animals. When you find the carrion, the condors will not descend to eat immediately, but they are limited to fly over or land on any place where this is clear. One or two days can pass before finally approaching. Begin feeding on the most accessible or soft bodies, ie, eyes, tongue, anus, udder or testicles, abdomen and groin. With his strong, sharp peaks and open tear the skins tissues which facilitates further utilization of the piece by smaller scavengers. A condor may eat about 5 pounds of meat a day and also can fast up to five weeks.

nesting.
caves usually choose to nest in large vertical rock walls, protected from the wind and weather. The dimensions of the nests are highly variable. Lay the single egg directly on the sandy substrate of the caves in depression which have created a pressing his chest against the substrate. Also used the peak to give final shape to the edges of it. This behavior has been observed especially in males.

roost. The
roosts shared by adult, sub-adults and juveniles of both sexes are generally located on high cliffs and protected from rain, wind and potential predators. In most cases observed preferred roosts and perches, and thus played, are those who receive early sunlight. Since the carcass is distributed randomly, the animals used repeatedly several sites rest or overnight depending on the availability of food in the area reaching levels of up to 124 individuals.

Reproduction.
In natural environment, one of the least known aspects of the condor is the question of reproduction. Condors are basically monogamous, meaning that choosing a mate and stay with it for life. Only if one of us dies, the other seeks a new partner. The reproductive cycle of the condor, including courtship, mating, incubation and chick lift up their emancipation takes about two years. The species is the incubation period longer in birds of prey, at the time of estrus or heat commonly reddish color of the skin of the head are yellowing. After 56 to 60 days of incubation shared the chick is born which is fed by both parents with regurgitated meat. At six months and try to take their first flights in the immediate area to their place of birth and nine the juvenile is ready to accompany their parents on their flights. Assimilates them basic ancestral knowledge for survival. After a year and a half or two joins the local population, and dispute a place in the carrion

Phylogeny. Although
until relatively recently classified the condors and vultures, now notice that your lineage is closer to that of storks and herons despite the evolutionary divergence has distanced them greatly in appearance and habits. Perhaps Argentinavis magnificiens be among the ancestors of the condors, what is proven is that the condors colonize their territories from the cold areas located in southern South America, the increase of the Andes biotopes with extended cold weather to present-day Colombia and Venezuela and even further north (California for example).

Distribution .
The Andean condor is distributed along the Andes, from southern Tierra del Fuego (Argentina and Chile) to the west of Venezuela, the maximum area of \u200b\u200bspread to the east is located in Argentina reaching Atlantic Ocean in the provinces of Santa Cruz, Chubut and Rio Black, then touches the mountains found in the western province of La Pampa and the Sierras de Córdoba (occasionally been reported in the Sierra de la Ventana is located in the southeast of Buenos Aires province). However, Venezuela was declared extinct, and in Colombia, Peru and Ecuador natural populations have declined. From
1800, their distribution and number throughout South America has declined considerably, becoming endangered, the reason for this decline has been the extermination of human hands in the belief that the condors hunt and live cattle certain parts of your body have therapeutic or magical powers. Ascertained the survival in the wild condors in 2784 divided between Argentina and Chile to 2500 copies, Peru with 120, north of Peru with 50 (no data in the south), Colombia with 100 and Venezuela with 14 (population settled after Releases with specimens from captive breeding as previously had been extinguished in 1965). In Bolivia records are lacking.

status of the species population .
Since December 1997 are being carried out reintroduction of condors in their former range from ex situ breeding , reaching the 65 releases. Of these only three were killed by shooting, poisoning and electrocution.
All released are fitted with satellite transmitters with solar panels that can be monitored throughout the Andes. This technique was used for the first time with these birds.

threats.
The Andean condor populations have suffered in recent decades an alarming decline throughout their mountainous distribution. Unfortunately there are no reliable historical censuses for each country that would allow a perfectly clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe situation. However the condition of the species has become critical in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, countries that make up the Northern Andes.
In Colombia and Venezuela are being carried out today reforestation projects in areas historically inhabited by condors and which were removed in the s. XX. Based on the research of historical records, we can say that the population density of the species was always lower at the northern end of its range (North Andes) compared to southern countries, perhaps due in part to countries such as Bolivia, Chile and Argentina have relatively unpopulated vast territories of humans and excellent habitat for species.

mysticism of his death .
The Incas believed that the condor was immortal. Account as myth, when the animal begins to feel old and that his forces will end up, sits on the highest peak in and out of the mountains, folds its wings, takes up the legs and dropped to the bottom against the bottom of streams, where it ends his reign. This death is symbolic, since this act the condor returns to the nest, the mountains, from where it is reborn into a new cycle, a new life. The condor symbolizing the strength, intelligence and exaltation or excitement. An animal was respected by all who lived in the Andes since pre-Hispanic times, as it not only brought good and bad omens, but was also responsible for the sun rose every morning, because his energy was able to take the star and lift over the mountains starting the life cycle.

Symbolism.
national symbol appears as the armorial bearings the Republics of Chile (force), Colombia (Liberty and Order), Ecuador (power, grandeur and value) and Bolivia (search horizons.
Source Legends Park Lima Peru. 2011.

Source limits). Also appearing on the coat of Hispanic represented